Welcome to the 1^st International Conference on Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering ICCPGE 2016

Organized by: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Al-Mergib University
ALKHOMS LIBYA

ICCPGE 2016 Publications

Chemical Division

P_No	Title
110	Steady Temperature Distributions of Both Fluids along Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Double Pipe Heat Exchangers Full Paper Abstract Mathematical relationships describe the dimensionless temperature profiles for both fluid streams along parallel and counter flow heat exchangers for steady state case will be developed for the two case. The first case when the heat capacity rate of a cold fluid is smaller than for the heat capacity rate of a hot fluid, the second case when the heat capacity rate of a cold fluid is greater than for the heat capacity rate of a hot fluid. The fluid temperatures along parallel and counter flow heat exchangers are found to be dependent on the magnitude of fluid inlet temperatures, the heat exchanger length, the heat capacity rate, and the number of transfer units, for both parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers. An experimental work was performed on a double pipe heat exchanger to validate an analytical solution results. The fluid temperatures along parallel and counter flow heat exchangers are found to be increase by increasing of the hot fluid mass flow rate or by decreasing of the cold fluid mass flow rate. Results show a good agreement between analytical solution and experimental work, for the steady state behaviour of parallel and counter flow heat exchangers. Keywords: Heat exchangers; steady state; temperature distributions.
115	Comparative Study of Different Mathematical Models of Ozone Mass Transfer in a Kenics Static Mixer Full Paper Abstract Static mixers have been successfully employed in water and wastewater treatment, particularly in water ozonation for disinfection and oxidation purposes. Producing higher concentration of ozone requires new contactors that operate efficiently at low gas/liquid ratio. The Kenics static mixer (KM) can meet these requirements and therefore enhance the ozone mass transfer rate [1]. The main objective is to investigate the correspondence between the transient BFCM of Romer and Durbin [2] and the axial diffusion model (ADM) and the continuous flow stirred tanks in series(CFSTR’s in series) in their prediction to the residence time distribution of the gaseous solute inside a Kenics static mixer. The residences time distribution (RTD) curves produced from the experiment of Madhuranthaam et al. [3] have been used to validate and compare the predicted RTD curves of the three models. The BFCM model provides accurate, reliable, flexible and easy design model to describe the back-mixing in the liquid phase inside the Kenics static mixer. Keywords:Static mixer; Back flow cell model; Axial diffusion model; Water ozonation.
116	Thermal Performance Analysis of an Automotive Type Compact Heat Exchanger Full Paper Abstract Compact heat exchangers are one of the most important types of heat exchangers widely used in industrial and engineering applications. They are characterized by their small size and the large amount of heat exchange area per unit volume. Many techniques have been developed to enhance heat transfer rate through heat exchangers, one of which is increasing exchange area using fins with different forms and designs. In this study the heat transfer process through a locomotive compact heat exchanger of a type (FIAT PANDA 750) has been analyzed with a detailed description of all design parameters involved. The study revealed low performance characteristics of the tested heat exchanger which had not exceeded 65%. The study also achieved some interesting results leading to the determination of the most important thermal performance correlation represented by the Colburn-Reynolds chart which can be used in performance analysis and design process of this type of heat exchangers. Keywords:Compact heat exchanger; thermal performance analysis; heat transfer enhancement.
123	Thermodynamic Study on the Adsorption of Cd⁺² Ions from Aqueous Solution by Seagrasses Full Paper Abstract This work was to study batch biosorption of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solution by Powdered Seagrasses (PSG). The optimum conditions for the adsorption of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solution by seagrasses were investigated by considering the extent of adsorption with respect to contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. The results obtained indicates that the extent of metal ions removed decreases with increasing contact adsorption equilibrium data best fitted Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption of Cd (II) ions onto seagrasses was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Keywords:Thermodynamic; kinetics; adsorption; Cd (II); seagrasses.
127	A Simulation Study of the (103A) Field, Zuetina Terminal Crude Oil Pipeline Full Paper Abstract Wax deposit is one of the main problems facing crude oil transportation via pipelines, especially the waxy crude oil types. This problem usually appears at different temperatures where the wax crystals start to deposit at certain conditions causing plugging the production pipelines and viscosity increase, consequently leading to increasing the required power for flowing and fluid pressure, which may cause the pipeline to become environmental and economic losses. The current study introduces several scenarios to simulate a ground crude oil pipeline, 1016 mm (40 inches) diameter and 212 km length buried underground along the distance in depth of 1.5 m. This pipeline is transporting a waxy crude oil with pour point of 39 °C. The software used for this simulation is (HYSYS 3.2). The simulation is split in two parts; the first part investigates changing the crude oil flow rate down to the minimum flow rate that the pipeline may operates, where the arrival temperature should be higher than the pour point. The second part investigates pipeline shutdown simulation to check the temperature profile along the pipeline and pin points the lowest temperature reached with time changing. The results of the first part determined the minimum flow rate allowed to be 79,000 bbl/day at which the temperature will be higher than the pour point (39 °C). The maximum flow rate used in the simulation was 104,000 bbl/day. The results of the second part, where the maximum time specified as 96 hours and other times were (24, 48 and 72 hrs), respectively. It was found that the safest time for shutdown at low temperatures without wax appearing is (3, 5 and 6 hrs) at different ambient temperatures (4, 10 and 15 °C), respectively. Keywords: Wax appearing; pipeline; minimum flow rate; shutdown.
135	Effect of Inlet Pressure on Slug Development in a Multiphase Flow Pipeline Full Paper Abstract Akakus Oil Operations (AOO) could have a great opportunity to save a lot of money for the IR field development plans by avoiding the construction of the standalone IR Gas and Oil Separation Plant (GOSP) and rather sending and treating the IR production in GOSP A-NC115, where there is an additional capacity available. One of the possible options is to use multiphase pump stations as a booster and the existing 28 km long pipeline of 18” in diameter that is located between the Early Production Facility (EPF) in the IR field and the GOSP A-NC115. However, the multiphase slug flow phenomenon could hinder the utilization of the IR pipeline unworthy, and the aim of our study is to assess and investigate the flow pattern and behavior of the transported mixture (1161 E05 barrels=day at 95 psia) at different inlet pressures of 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 psia. A deeper look was taken into these parameters, using semi empirical Tulsa Unified Model to calculate the pressure gradient and flow patterns and regimes. The inlet pressure was manipulated to identify the optimum operating conditions for the IR pipeline that would result in barely any flow complications. The main outcomes of the study revealed that at an inlet pressures below 450 psia there is a flow risk associated with the transportation of the IR field multiphase fluid through the existing pipeline. However, at pressures higher than 450 psia no slugs were observed in the calculations and the bulk velocity was substantially lower than the erosion velocity, indicating that the IR pipeline could operate at these circumstances by installing a multiphase pump station. In the study for the design safety margin it is recommend for AOO to use inlet pressure of 500 psia. Keywords: Slug; multiphase flow; oil transportation
146	Simulation Studies of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Using Artificial Neural Network Based Supervised Control Method Full Paper Abstract This paper focuses on the control of nonlinear chemical process plant common used devices in chemical industry, Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). The idea is to have a control system that will be able to achieve improvement in the level of conversion and to be able to track set point change and reject load disturbance. Two control schemes, PID control and ANN controller based supervised control are considered. The two schemes are studied for setup change, disturbance effect and model - plant mismatch. The comparison shows that artificial neural network (ANN) controller have a better perform than PID one, in the extreme range of non-linearity. The goal of this paper is to show that, provided with appropriate adaptation techniques and control structures, neural networks can be used to adaptively control a wide range of nonlinear processes at a useful level of performance. Simulation results are used for choosing of an optimal working point and an external linear model of this nonlinear plant. Keywords: CSTR, PID; ANN; neural network; supervised control.
149	Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions by Adsorption Using Safranin O Dye Full Paper Abstract In this paper, the adsorption and corrosion inhibition of Safranin O dye on mild steel in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solutions were studied at the temperature range of 30 °C to 60 °C using weight loss technique. The results indicate that Safranin O dye acts as an inhibitor by adsorption on the metal surface. It has been noticed that the inhibition efficiency increases by increase in dye concentration while it decreases by increase in temperature. The adsorption of the studied Safranin O dye on mild steel surface involves the Langmuir adsorption isotherm involves physical adsorption mechanism. The change of Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of adsorption, have been also evaluated for the adsorption of Safranin O dye mild steel surface. Keywords:Mild steel; corrosion; inhibition; weight loss; safranin; dye.
158	Volumetric, Viscometric and Refractive Indices Properties of Binary Mixtures of Acetyl Acetone with 1-Butanol at Different Temperatures Full Paper Abstract Measurements of thermodynamic and transport properties have been effectively involved in understanding the nature of molecular interactions and physico-chemical behaviour in mixtures. As well as, they are necessary for the designing and optimizing of the industrial equipment. In this paper, experimental densities, ρ, viscosity, η, and refractive indices, n^D, of binary mixtures of acetyl acetone (acac) with 1- butanol (Bu) were determined at temperatures of 298.15, 303.15 and 318.15 K and atmospheric pressure over the entire composition range of mixtures. The experimental values of mixtures and pure liquids have been used to calculate the excess volume, V^E, deviation in viscosity, Δη, excess Gibb’s free energy of activation for viscous flow, ΔG^☆E, and deviation in molar refraction, ΔR. The computed results were fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation to evaluate the adjustable parameters (A_i) and standard deviation (σ). The V^E, Δη and ΔG^☆E values of the mixtures have been found to be negative over the whole composition. The negative magnitude suggests the presence of strong intermolecular interaction between unlike molecules in the binary liquid mixtures. A comparative study of these properties together with those available in the literature has been also discussed. Keywords: Binary mixture; molecular interactions; excess properties; Redlich-Kister equation.
161	Membrane-Distillation Hybrid Process to Reduce the Energy Footprints in Abu-Attifel Gas Plant Full Paper Abstract This study investigates the possibility of reducing the heat load required in the refrigeration cycle used in the NGL plant at Abu-Attifel filed. Gas membrane filters were installed pre to the propane refrigeration cycle. These membranes will recover most of light hydrocarbons from the stream entering to the refrigeration cycle, and thus an increase in the boiling point of the natural gas that is being processed occurs. The addition of the membrane filters was found to decrease the amount of heat load in both the refrigeration cycle and the heat duty in the condenser in the de-ethanizer column. Material and energy balances were made on the modified process. Two cases of light hydrocarbon recoveries were examined (85%, and 90%). A polymath code was developed to solve the design transport equations for the membrane units to determine the required membrane area and flow rates and compositions around the membrane. The existing gas plant process were also simulated and the results were compared with the existing operational data for validation purposes and reasonable agreements were obtained. The preliminary results indicate that there is considerable savings that can be attained when using gas membrane elements before the natural gas is fed to the cooling cycle section. Keywords: Gas membrane; refrigeration cycle; propane recovery.
163	Comparative Performance of UF vs. Conventional Pretreatment for SWRO: Pilot Studies Full Paper Abstract Surface seawater intended for desalination by reverse osmosis (RO) need extensive pretreatment to control membranes fouling. Proper pretreatment is the most critical factor for successful long-term performance of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane. Two types of technologies are using for pretreatment, Conventional Multimedia Filtration (MMF) and Ultra Filtration (UF). Both of these treatments are currently applied in SWRO plants in the world. In this study, two pretreatment techniques have been compared, a conventional filtration and an UF membrane, both followed by separate RO pilot systems. The project was implemented at Tajoura Libya on the Mediterranean Sea. Both pilots were using raw feed water from basin of Tajoura desalination plant intake, for a period of four months. The preliminary results indicate that the membrane filtration pretreatment provided superior water quality for the RO, measured by reduced turbidity and silt density index (SDI15). The results have shown that the membrane filtration units were able to consistently reduced SDI15 values to less than 3 and turbidity values to less than 0.2 NTU, while over 70% of the conventional media filtration unit SDI15 values were over 3 and an average turbidity of 0.33 NTU. Keywords: Conventional pretreatment; membrane pretreatment; desalination; reverse osmosis.
164	Improvement of Oil and Petrochemical Processing by Performance of Corrosion Integrity Management Full Paper Abstract One of the most important tasks to eliminate risks and dangers in oil and petrochemical plants is the prevention of corrosion. This implies the provision of safe enclosures and reaction spaces for the substances to be processed. Application of corrosion control methods is not enough, while some strategies to be followed strictly to minimize corrosion risks. Such as deals with the procedure in the selection of materials for equipment exposed to corrosion and stresses the difficulties connected with the elimination of corrosion. Installation of high sophisticated and experienced systems is emphasized. The main objective of a corrosion management system is to minimize the loss of containment of hydrocarbon and other critical non hydrocarbons which can be directly attributed to corrosion and which have a detrimental impact on operation of process plants. Corrosion management also helps in making accurate inspection plans and optimizing the inspection intervals. A corrosion management system is a part of the overall integrity management program that integrates various corrosion control methods to achieve mechanical integrity and reliability of static equipment/piping. It deals with the understanding, identification, measurement, monitoring, control and mitigation of different corrosion mechanisms within the process plants. Root cause analysis (RCA) and risk based inspection (RBI) are a part of the essential components of such corrosion management system. This paper will focus the importance of corrosion management system in oil and gas sector and how it can minimize the loss produced by corrosion phenomena. Keywords: Corrosion management; corrosion monitoring; corrosion control.
167	Hydrocracking of Heavy Gas Oil Fraction Over NiMo/H-ZSM5 and Ni/Mordinite Catalysts Full Paper Abstract At present, the usage of the hydrocracking process in the refining industry has increased rapidly worldwide in recent year. The objective of hydrocracking is used to convert the heavy fractions of the feed into more valuable lighter products, such as naphtha, kerosene and middle distillates. This is an attempt to spot the appropriate catalyst support that can process heavy gas oil (HGO) feed. Heavy gas oil was chosen as a feedstock to investigate in this research by hydrocracking process on two different of zeolite catalysts ZSM-5 and Mordinite based Molybdenum and Nickel dual functional catalysts. At different temperatures (400, 425, 450 °C) using autoclave batch reactor. The results showed that the hydrocracking of HGO over NiMo/H-ZSM-5 and Ni/MORDINITE catalysts was successfully catalytically hydrocracking into gases, gasoline and distillate products. SIMDIST, GC and TGA techniques were used to analysis the feedstock and reaction products. The maximum yield of gasoline (C5-C12) obtained from the hydrocracking of HGO in the presence of NiMo/H-ZSM-5 catalyst at 450 °C hydrocracking temperature was 75.277 wt% .in case of Ni/ Mordinite, the maximum yield of gasoline (C5 - C12) obtained from the hydrocracking of HGO at 450 °C hydrocracking temperature was 68.819 wt%. Thermal Gravimetric Analysts (TGA) was used in this research to quantify the coke deposited on the surface of catalysts tested. The percentage weight loss of coked catalysts resulting from hydrocracking of HGO over NiMo/H-ZSM-5 and Ni/MORDINITE catalysts are 10.819% and 14.58% respectively. Keywords Hydrocracking; heavy gas oil; zeolite catalysts; ZSM-5; Mordinite; Molybdenum and Nickel.
176	Wax Deposition Study Full Paper Abstract Wax deposition is a serious field problem encountered during crude oil production that causes plugging of pipeline, well tubing and process equipment. Wax crystals lead to oil high viscosity and decreased pumping capacity. This work aims to investigate wax deposition in flow lines. This may include; effect of oil ambient temperature, insulation thickness and time duration on wax deposition rate in pipelines. Two computer software HYSYS and PVTSIM were used to estimate wax deposition. The obtained results show that wax deposition can be predicted with good accuracy with computer software. Keywords Wax deposition; pipe wax build-up; pipeline problems.
178	Anticorrosion of Mild Steel in Sea Water at Different Temperatures by Using Green Inhibitors “Posidonia Oceanica” Full Paper Abstract The metallic corrosion is a spontaneous process that causes damage to a wide range of human activities. An example of these affected structures stand out: the pipelines for oil transportation, ships, offshore platforms, all can be extremely corroded due to expose to the sea water environment. The corrosion comes from a sea water environment leads to serious consequences of the corrosion problems by reaction with its environment process which has become a problem of worldwide. This research work related to the study of anticorrosion for mild steel in sea water in different temperatures by using green inhibitors sea grass “Posidonia Oceanica” collected from Alkhoms coast on the Mediterranean Sea of Libya. Sea water parameters such as salinity 5.8 g/L, total dissolved solids content (7.73 g/L TDS), resistivity, conductivity (EC 12.88 ms), pH 7.6 were analyzed at 250 °C and corrosion rate was determined. The result of immersion of mild steel coupons in sea water at different temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C) and in different concentrations of green inhibitors (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 vol%) has shown that the weight loss of mild steel coupons was brilliant effected. Keywords: Sea grass; mild steel; Alkhoms; temperature inhibitor.
181	Theoretical study of the inhibition and the adsorption properties of N-containing aromatic compounds as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in hydrochloric acid Full Paper Abstract Quantum chemical approach was used to investigate the electronic structures and properties of four N-containing aromatic compounds namely quinoline (Q), 8-hydroxy quinoline (HQ), 2-carboxy aniline (CA) and 2- methoxy aniline (MA), to ascertain the correlation between their molecular structure, the experimental inhibition efficiency (IE%) and some of the computed parameters. DFT calculations were performed to evaluate the quantum chemical parameters such as the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), energy gap (DE), dipole moment (m), electronegativity (q), electron affinity (A), global hardness (h), softness (r), ionization potential (I) and the fraction of electrons transferred from the inhibitor molecule to the metal surface (DN). In addition, the adsorption behaviour of these compounds on Fe (110) surface and their adsorption energy was investigated. The theoretically obtained results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data recently reported. The relations between the inhibition efficiency and some quantum parameters are discussed and correlations are proposed. Keywords:Acidic Corrosion, Inhibitor, DFT calculations, HOMO and LUMO, Quantum parameters, Adsorption locator.
183	Design and Simulation of Bioreactor for Crude Oil Bio-desulfurization Full Paper Abstract Environmental considerations have driven the required to remove sulfur-containing compounds from light oil. The biological removal of sulfur from petroleum feed stocks offers an attractive alternative to conventional thermo-chemical treatment due to the mild operating conditions afforded by the biocatalysts. The aim of this work is to study and simulate the biological desulfurization model and focuses on mass transfer of dibenzothiophene biological transformation. The model used is benzenewater mixture in which oil droplets are the despised phase, the model used to calculate the mass transfer coefficient of benzene in water and the rate of biological desulfurization at temperature range of 20-45 °C, and 10 & 20% of benzene volume fractions. The simulation conducted using a FORTRAN program. The observations found that the time constant was affecting directly with the temperature and sulfur absorption time as well as inversely with the energy capacity. Moreover, the specific surface area is directly proportional to the energy capacity, the volume fraction of benzene in the mixture, sulfur absorption and water purification, but it is changing inversely with increasing the temperature. On the other hand, the energy capacities, the value of the volume fraction of benzene in the mixture and sulfur absorption was influencing on the mass transfer coefficient. The significant results show that the good volume fraction ( &PHI;_b) for the best specific surface area is 20%, but the best mass transfer coefficient as well as time constant were obtained at volume fraction 10%. The effect of temperature was slightly low in the proposed medium and on biological desulfurization. Keywords:Bio-desulfurization; Dibenzothiophene; Benzene/water; Crude oil; Simulation.
184	Study of the Hazards in Hydrogen Storage System Full Paper Abstract Compressed hydrogen becomes a promising fuel, that is called the Green Fuel, and it is the most abundant gas in our life, as well as the source of all kinds of energies. Hydrogen has been considered as alternative energy carrier from the viewpoint of reduction in carbon dioxide emissions due to produce water after combustion process, which none causes any environmental problems’ comparison with the other fuels. This gas must be stored in strict safety considerations. Therefore, the main object of this paper is to study the hydrogen hazards that can be occurred in the hydrogen storage systems and focusing on the types of storage tanks and the phase of the hydrogen that can to be stored. The methodology explains the hydrogen storage types, hazards scenarios, and identification all hazards, hazardous events that could lead to the realization of any of the hazards associated with hydrogen all storage systems. This identification includes some the techniques that are applied on the storage systems, such as Swift technique (WHAT IF?), failure mode and effective analysis (FEMA). Moreover, these techniques aim to prevent the failures to the environment, and accidents can cause injuries, fatalities. Besides, providing control procedures with the high level of protection for the storage process by using some instruments, equipment and safety procedures. In this study, the BLEVE scenario was investigated, where storage tank is available on the production site, with 300 Kg, the diameter of fireball was 38.83 m, and the duration may be required to make fireball was 3.012 sec, the distances measured from the point at the ground directly beneath the center of the fireball to receptors for fatalities at 5%, 50%, and 95% are 98, 82, and 68 m, respectively. Keywords:Hydrogen; green fuel; hazards; WHAT IF; FEMA and BLEVE scenarios.
185	Deep Bed Column Design Using South Sabrattah Sand and Granular Carbon in Urban Stormwater Filtration Full Paper Abstract The study utilize south Sabrattahs’ sand and granular carbon (GC) as filter media in a deep bed column design for storm water filtration. Combination design of Sabrattaha Sand (SS) and granular carbon (GC) were tested to obtain the removal of total suspended solid and turbidity, focusing at 1290 mg/L of total suspended solid (TSS) which are determined based on sample preparation at unit operation lab to represent storm water. This value is classified as a measure to evaluate the performance and reduce variation of filtration on the laboratory condition. The two groups of both SS and GC filter media at range of 2 mm- 1 mm and fine 0.5 mm- 0.75 mm filter media were explored to find the efficiency based on the TSS removal percent. The deep bed column with finer filter media with combination media design has shown to have good result in removal of suspended solids. The filtration results indicate that the 96% TSS removal occur of SS and GC deep filter column design. Keywords: Deep bed column, stormwater filtration, Sabratta sand, granular carbon, total suspended solids.
194	Study the Effect of “Sonchus Oleraceus” Leaf Extracts on Levels of Blood Glucose and Lipid on Rabbits Treated with Carbon Tetrachloride Full Paper Abstract In this study, we investigated the impact of “Sonchus oleraceus” leaf extracts on blood glucose levels and lipid in the serum of rabbits treated with carbon tetrachloride. Our results demonstrated qualitative phytochemical screening of aqueous and alcohol (Ethyle Alcohol) extract for the presence of plant flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic, while saponins present only in an aqueous extract were not present in the ethanol extract and the quantitative analysis of the plant for alkaloids, flavonoids and saponnins were 17, 10 and 12% respectively. Also showed the effecting of the extracts on blood glucose (B.G) and lipid (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides) levels of non-infected control group of rabbits following 21 days of infused by the plant extract were 158mg/100 ml for B.G. and 13, 16, 168 and 62mg/dl respectively for lipid, whereas the control range of non-infected by CCl4 (untreated) were 151mg/100ml for BG and for lipid were 12,15, 166 and 60mg/dl, whereas group treatment of infected by (75mg/1mg) of the aqueous extract were 120 mg/100 ml for BG and for lipid were 12, 24, 112 and 58mg/dl, whereas group treatment of infected by (75mg/1mg) of the alcoholic extract were 140mg/100 ml for BG and for lipid 12, 16, 151 and 56mg/dl whereas infected group and treated by (300mg/1mg) of the aqueous extract were 104mg/100ml for BG and for lipid 20, 33, 86 and 52mg/dl, whereas infected group and treated by (300mg/1mg) of the alcoholic extract were 108mg/100ml for BG and for lipid 19, 28, 100 and 57 mg/dl respectively ,whereas that values represent the average courses was 8.917mg/100ml and the values of LSD (P < 0.05) were NS 0.910, 3.010, 6.222 and 4.382. Finally, there were some differences between groups after we used ANOVA as statistical analysis. Keywords: Sonchus oleraceus; rabbits; blood glucose; lipid; qualitative and quantitative; phytochemical screening.
203	Measurements and Prediction of Viscosities of Mineral Oil Blends Full Paper Abstract Five different mineral oils blends were prepared. Experimental viscosities were measured and to develop the reliable mathematical expression at different temperatures using non-linear regression were considered and analysed using standard statistical techniques. The predicted kinematic viscosity results have been validated with the experimental viscosity data gathered in the laboratory. Good results between the predicted and experimental values have been noticed with an overall average absolute deviation of 2.71 %. The developed model was compared with some widely known viscosity models existed in the literature. It can be shown that the performance of the developed model was much better than the investigated models in literature. Keywords:Chemical; petroleum; gas; conference.
204	Refinery Configurations for Maximum Gasoline Production from Libyan Crude Oil Full Paper Abstract In this work, different refinery configurations are investigated for upgrading projects to increase gasoline production for local market demand. Different alternatives for the upgrading can be tackled. Either direct upgrading of the atmospheric residue, or first subject the atmospheric residue to vacuum distillation then upgrade the vacuum residue and vacuum gas oil to more valuable and lighter products. Obtained results show that, the scenario which included fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) has shown the optimum in terms of both maximum gasoline and less capital cost compared with configuration that included the delayed coking process. Keywords: Refinery; Gasoline; FCC; Delayed coking;Crude oil.
206	Exergy Analysis of a 10,000 m³/day Tajoura SWRO Desalination Plant Full Paper Abstract Exergy analysis is a valuable engineering tool for the design, optimization and performance evaluation. This paper conducts thermodynamic exergy analysis using actual plant operating data of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant at Tajoura Nuclear Research Center. Exergy flow rates are calculated all over the plant. The rates of exergy destruction and their percentages are determined so that the sites of highest exergy destruction can simply be recognized. The highest exergy destruction 48.32% happens in the 1st stage high pressure pump (HPP), where the second law efficiency of the plant was 25.65 % using the old style turbine and high energy consumption membranes. This shows that chances of development might be to reduce exergy destruction and make the plant operation more cost effective. The second law efficiency of Tajoura desalination plant was increased to 35.76% by using new membranes with high production rate and low energy consumption. Moreover, other things were taken into account for increasing the efficiency of the plant through the use of high efficiency energy recovery devices (ERD) such as pressure exchangers (PX) Keywords: Exergy analysis; reverse osmosis; membranes; pressure exchanger.
207	Performance improvement and optimization of 10,000 m3/day SWRO desalination plant Full Paper Abstract Desalination of seawater has been considered as one of the most promising techniques for supplying fresh water in Libya. Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the major technologies for mid and large size desalination plants because it offers a mean of producing high quantity and quality of fresh water from seawater with lower energy consumption than other processes such as evaporation processes. Due to the development of thin film composite membranes and spiral wound element configurations, the paper aims to improve the performance a 10,000 m3/day Tajoura desalination plant in a manner of reverse osmosis, using three dissimilar software developed by several membrane manufactures. The performance improvement was achieved through high rejection and higher productivity which resulted in better water quality significantly lower energy consumption, and improved system operation (lower fouling, higher recovery with less number of membranes). Keywords: Exergy analysis; reverse osmosis; membranes; pressure exchanger.
209	The Effect of Product Purity on Controllability Analysis of Distillation Column Full Paper Abstract In this study, controllability analysis of conventional direct sequence distillation column in steadystate modes are investigated for the separation of five different chemical systems at 99 and 95 mol % purity in order to obtain the best candidate between the controlled and manipulated variables based on steady-state control indices measurements. The following controllability indices are used to screen the best controllability features:- The Niederlinski index (NI), the Morari resiliency (MRI), the relative gain array (RGA) and the condition number (CN ). This study proved that for many different chemical systems of distillation process and at a certain product purity there must be one common control structure which is found to be (D1-L2-B2) for 99% purity and (L1-L2-Q2) for 95 % purity showing the minimum interaction between control variables. Keywords: controllability; steady-state; (NI); (MRI); (CN).
213	Development of the Ni-P Electroless Plating by Photon Energy Full Paper Abstract Conventional electroless plating is the subsequent deposition of metal without using energy except heating. However, electroless plating is almost universally used because it offers good mechanical properties of surface and high resistance to corrosion as well as it is an economical way of deposition. This work is focused on decreasing the consumed energy when heating by using photon energy (UV radiation) instead, as an assistant source. Furthermore, the effect of UV exploiting on the Ni-P electroless plating compared to heating only was studied. The best temperature and the pH of the deposition bath to obtain a better and stable thickness of Ni-P alloy coating were investigated in this paper. The compositions of deposition bath were about 21.2, 24, 28, 2.2 g/L and 0.8 ppm for NiSO₄.6H₂O, NaH₂PO₂.H₂O, C₃H₆O, and CH₄N₂S, respectively. The experiments were conducted with heating only by changing the temperature from 25 to 80 ^oC and heating with expositing UV radiation. In addition, the pHs of the baths were ranged from 3.5 to 8. The thickness of deposit layer was obtained by using a sensitive balance and permascope apparatus. The concentrations of NiSO₄.6H₂O were measured by spectrophotometer. The composition of deposited layer was conducted by XRD. The resulted thicknesses were the combination of Ni-P which were increased rapidly with increasing time of deposition, as well, the temperature of bath and pH of solution in present or without UV light. The thickness of Ni-P alloy in presence UV light was increasing at low acidic and alkaline medium (pH up to 6). The novel technique using UV energy was enhancing the depositing of Ni-P alloy without and with heating. The resulted Ni-P layer was uniform, stable for above seven years and has good mechanical properties on both sides of the samples Keywords: Electroless plating; UV radiation; Ni-P layer; temperature; pH.
220	Performance Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using Different Correlations at Mellitah Complex Full Paper Abstract Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are used extensively in the chemical process industries, especially in refineries and other large chemical process, because of the numerous advantages they offer compare to the other types. In this paper, a comparative analysis of rich amine and lean amine shell and tube heat exchanger were made. All measurements are collected from a heat exchanger using three of 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger in series installed at the process facility of Sulfur recovery unit situated at the Mellitah complex. Rich amine is the cold fluid which flows inside the tubes. However; lean amine serves as hot fluid inside the shell is made. The aim of this study to see what is the difference between the design condition and the operation condition. The evaluation of convective heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops for different mass flow rates and inlet and outlet temperatures are presented using various correlations, so the various performance parameters such as overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness and pressure drop obtained through experiments is compared with the values obtained from both the different correlations and the design basis. An Excel program was developed for the ease of calculation and obtaining results of both shell and tube side fluids. Keywords: Shell and tube heat exchanger; performance analysis; overall heat transfer coefficient; effectiveness.
228	The Promising Ionic Liquids with Transition Metal Halide Anions for the Extractive Separation of Aromatic and Aliphatic Mixtures Full Paper Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) based on imidazolium and pyridinium cations and different types of anions contains transition metals were investigated for extraction of benzene from cyclohexane. The liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data are presented for six ternary systems of (Cyclohexane + Benzene + an ionic Liquid) at 298.15K and atmospheric pressure. The ILs used in these systems are [Bmim][FeCl4], [Bmim][AlCl4], [BuPy][FeCl4]), and [BuPy][AlCl4]. The influence cation and anion structure of ILs on the separation selectivity and capacity for aliphatic/aromatic mixtures was analyzed. The results indicate that most ILs investigated shows both higher extractive selectivity and capacity for the aromatic components for the systems studied herein, suggesting they can be used as promising extractants for the separation of aliphatic/aromatic mixtures. The LLE data were well correlated by the NRTL model of non-electrolyte solutions with overall ARD deviation being about 0.0001 in term of the mole fraction based activity. Keywords: Liquid-liquid equilibria; ionic liquids; NTRL; aromatic compound; aliphatic compound.
230	Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three medicinal plants from Libya Full Paper Abstract This study is to perceive the most effective components such as the flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins and also the investigation of the biological effect of plant extracts and antioxidant effectiveness of the each one of them. Were carried out on three plants (“Palm-pollen, Anagallis-arvensis and Leopoldiacomosa”) of different factions included, Whose soever the active ingredients of plant powder and its activities of qualitative and quantitative of chemical components for these medicinal plants from Libya. In addition polyphenols and antioxidants were evaluated with activities of antimicrobial for four types of negative and positive Gram of bacteria. These scattered natural plants from Libya and endured used in traditional folk medicine, These natural plants from Libya used in traditional folk medicine, this research aims to deviate from chemically produced and the trend to medicinal plants as a source of medical drugs. Keywords: Effective Components, Biological Effect, Antioxidant Effectiveness.
232	Direct CO₂ Hydrogenation Under Supercritical Conditions Using Proper Solvent Simulation Full Paper Abstract Methanol synthesis via direct CO2 hydrogenation has potential to contribute to the limitation of worldwide CO₂ emissions; the main obstacle of this process is thermodynamics limitation, where it shows low conversion less than 40% for single stage pass. The direct hydrogenation of CO₂ under supercritical conditions in presence and absence of proper solvents were simulated. The effect of different hydrocarbon solvents as supercritical media (n-hexane, n-heptane, n-pentane) on the CO₂ conversion and the operating conditions including the mole fraction of solvent, temperature and pressure were simulated using the Aspen Hysys V3.2 software using the Gibbs reactor model, Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state for non-idealist of gas mixture at high pressure was considered. The conversions of CO₂/H₂ mixtures under supercritical condition approximate (8MPa total pressure) and 430-530K to methanol is assisted by the presence and absence of amounts of hydrocarbon solvents (mole fraction 0.1 - 0.6). The results showed that the addition of proper solvents such as n-hexane, n-heptane and n-pentane could improve the CO₂ conversion greatly under supercritical conditions. Where the single stage conversion can be 82.32 mol% with 0.2 mole fraction of n-heptanes solvent, n-hexane at CO₂:H₂: n-heptane 1:3:2. N-heptanes, n-hexane, n-pentane have given probably the same effect at temperature below 460K and pressure 8Mpa. However, at temperatures below 460K, the addition of n-heptane with CO₂:H₂: n-heptane ratios were 1:5:2 improves the CO₂ conversion, where the CO₂ conversion was 99.98%. The addition of mixed n-hexane with n-heptanes with mole fraction of 0.4:0.1 respectively will be favourable for the CO₂ conversion. Keywords: CO₂ hydrogenation; methanol synthesis; supercritical conditions.
240	Experimental Investigation of Multiphase Flow Effects on the Hydrate Formation Process in an Offshore Pipeline Full Paper Abstract Multiphase flow is a multi-component flow which occurs in many industrial processes including those involved in the pharmaceutical, food, and processing and petroleum industries. Oil and gas exploration, production and transportation in arctic and offshore conditions are technically very challenging. In addition to the technical challenges involved in arctic operations, there are several environmental challenges posed by offshore operations. One of the operational challenges of hydrocarbon transmission through flow lines in offshore and arctic environments is the formation of hydrates. This imposes a severe flow assurance challenge in offshore operations. Hydrates can form during untreated hydro carbon flow through a pipeline with high pressure in cold weather. These untreated hydrocarbons can be characterized by their multiphase nature and therefore require flow assurance analysis and evaluation during each design stage of offshore project. The main goal of this study is to conduct experiments to understand how multiphase flow affects the formation of hydrates in flow lines. From the preliminary experimental results in the Multiphase Hydrate Flow loop at Memorial University of Newfoundland, we have observed that two-phase gas-liquid flow produces higher pressure in the flow lines compared to single- phase flow. Moreover, due to turbulence in the bends of the flow lines, there is an approximately 1 degree Celsius local temperature increase in bends. In the future work related to this study, a parametric study will be presented to attempt to understand how multiphase hydrodynamic and pipe length scale (diameter) will affect the hydrate induction time. This study will also help to minimize flow assurance challenges in offshore flow lines and provide improved designconditions. Keywords:Multiphase flow, hydrate formation, induction time, pressure and temperature
249	Modelling Attenuation of Volatile Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Unsaturated Zone Full Paper Abstract We applied the measured Kapp and Kd parameter values in an analytical model to estimate the extent of the volatile petroleum hydrocarbons from a known source zone, and to compare the model analyses results based on batches experimental data with results based on parameters determined in a field lysimeter experiment. The analytical results of how far a constituent can migrate from a 50 cm source zone before its attenuation, based on the field lysimeter date, the distance (r95%) ranged from 75 cm to 350 cm away from the source zone. 75 to 100 cm distance from the source zone illustrates the 95% attenuation of toluene and n-octane respectively. While the attenuation distance of cyclohexane and methylcyclopentane was 200 and 250 cm respectively, n-pentane, n-hexane and iso-octane have 95% attenuation distance of 350, 200 and 225 cm respectively. These data suggest that the significant differences in the attenuation distance from the source zone between the laboratory data and the field data was related to the difference in the apparent biodegradation rates, which were faster for the soil investigated in the laboratory in this study. The data presented illustrate the phenomenon of biodegradation and sorption of VPHs in the unsaturated zone and the analytical model analyses data results demonstrate the VPHs extent of migration form source zone under different scenarios (source zone radius, biodegradation rate and sorption distribution coefficients). All data show that biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms is the key parameter controlling the fate and transport of contaminants in the subsurface. Keywords:Volatile hydrocarbons; biodegradation; attenuation distance; lysimeter experiment.
250	Simulation of Heat Integration for Gasification of Waste Plastic Materials in Insulated Rotary Kiln Reactor Full Paper Abstract Production of plastic materials has been increased dramatically over the past few decades due the majority usage daily live. Substantial quantities of plastic materials have accumulated in the natural environment and in landfills. Discarded plastics are growing disaster because disposal of waste plastics poses a great hazard to the environment and most plastics are slowly biodegradable. Therefore, an urgent needed to disposal of waste plastics because the effective method has not yet been implemented. The fast majority of researches have been conducted to recycle of thermoplastic-based materials, while recycling of thermoset polymers are impossible due to their natures. Gasification as thermo-chemical treatment for reprocessing of thermosetting polymers-based waste plastics into useful materials has been proposed. The objective of the present research work is to investigate gasification of thermosetting and thermoplastics wastes in a rotary kiln reactor. A mixture of waste plastics and paper–pulp with ratio of 9:1 was used as a dry feedstock to the reactor with a rate of 1000 kg/h. At high temperature, the raw materials of plastics tend to decompose to carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) as main products, which well-known syngas. Utilization of these gases for use a feedstock for the production of new petrochemicals and plastics has been extensively investigated. The amount of total heats in the high-temperature gasification of polymers is one of the important parameters. Algorithm in the MATLAB software was established to investigate the heat losses from the reactor. The simulation of the heat transfer showed that the heat loss decreases with an increase in the refractory thickness. The analysis of the heat transfer process indicated that the heat losses using refractory thicknesses of 2, 4, and 6 cm were 354.0, 202.6, 143.3 kcal/K.d.F, respectively. Because gasification of polymers is endothermic process, the optimum thickness was 6 cm. Keywords: Waste plastics; gasification; rotary kiln reactor; heat transfer.
253	Experimental and Theoretical Study of Laminar Boundary Layer over Flat Plate Full Paper Abstract Air flowing past a solid surface will stick to that surface. This phenomenon caused by viscosity. This condition states that the velocity of the fluid at the solid surface equals the velocity of that surface. The result of this condition is that a boundary layer is formed in which the relative velocity varies from zero at the wall to the value of the relative velocity at some distance from the wall. The goal of the present research is to study the boundary layer characteristics over a flat plate theoretically and experimentally. The studied parameters were the mass flow rate ratio, the distance from the plate leading edge and the surface type i.e. smooth and roughness. All the experiments were carried in the fluid mechanics laboratory at College of Engineering Technology – Hoon, Libya. The results show that the boundary layer thickness over smooth surface is higher than that in the rough surface condition. The boundary layer thickness was found to be increases with the increase of both mass flow rate ratio and downstream distance (i.e. distance from the leading edge). Good agreement was obtained between experimental and theoretical results of laminar flow over the flat plate. Keywords: Boundary layer thickness; mass flow rate ratio; smooth surface; Rough surface, Leading
261	Airflow and Heat Transfer by Natural Convection in Small-Scale Vertical Channel Full Paper Abstract The natural convection of air in a close-sided vertical channel has been experimentally studied. A laboratory model (height, H=0.1m x width, w=0.1m) with a rectangular cross-section was heated with a uniform heat flux from one side while the other side was kept adiabatic. The experiment was carried out under various operating conditions, variable channel depths (s=45mm, 55mm and 65mm) and variable heat inputs ( Qin= 5W, 10W, 20W and 25W). Airflow and heat transfer behaviour was investigated extensively and dimensionless correlations were derived as a function of the modified Rayleigh number (Ra) and aspect ratio of the channel (s/H). Keywords:*Natural convection; Vvertical channel; air
270	Study on the Performance of Different Temperature Controllers for Heat Exchanger System Full Paper Abstract Heat exchangers are widely used in petroleum and chemical industries including petrochemical plants and petroleum refineries. They especially used to control the fluids to the desired range of temperature and pressure. The temperature of outlet fluid of heat exchanger is controlled through the temperature controller circuit which controls the opening and closing of the valves according to the set point temperature. In this paper, the controller circuit is analyzed using the conventional PID controller and compare it with the performance of the developed PID controller. The comparison is carried out for the shortest possible time. In addition, the transient performance and the error criteria of the controllers are analyzed and the best controller is found out. In order to perform this study, the system will be modeled and simulated by using Alternative Transient Program (ATP). The simulation results from the ATP should show the best transient performance of the studied system when different schemes of feedback control systems are applied. Keywords:Heat exchanger, feedback controller, feed-forward controller, PID controller, Alternative Transient Program (ATP)
275	Study of Mass Transfer Coefficient in a Wetted Wall Column Full Paper Abstract Gas absorption is the unit operation in which one or more soluble components of gas mixture are dissolved in a liquid. The absorption may be a purely physical phenomenon or may involve chemical reaction with one or more constituents in the liquid solution. In order to obtain the highest rate of absorption, gas and liquid streams flow in opposite directions in counter-current flow. The unit in this work has been designed to help grasp the basic principles of the chemical and physical aspects involved in absorption. This study unit is made of borosilicate transparent glass in order to show the water spread in the column and get the visual distribution of fluids behavior which helps to fully understand the phenomenon. In the spray wetted wall columns, an efficient contact between the phases is achieved by atomizing through fixed or rotary nozzles. The nozzles are arranged along the periphery and the fluids are fed in a counter-current flow. This obstruction-free operation makes this type of process suitable to treat flow rate containing a great number of solid particles. In this work, the wetted wall column is used to determine gas/liquid mass transfer coefficients, which is essential to design absorption towers. This study investigates the absorption of oxygen from air into deoxygenated water (prepared by nitrogen sparging) in liquid film controlled absorption experiment. The liquid film mass transfer coefficient is calculated at various mass flow rates of water and air. This work also studies the effect of water flow and air flow on oxygen concentration in the oxygenation and de-oxygenation process. Keywords:Absorption; wetted wall; mass transfer coefficient; oxygenation; deoxygenation.
281	Simulation of Thermodynamic Properties of Natural Gas Mixture Feedstock of Mellitah Gas Plant Full Paper Abstract Processing and transportation of natural gas (NG) depend on its characteristics, which are functional of the composition. The contribution of this work is to investigate the use of different equations of states (EoSs) for accurate prediction of thermodynamic and physical properties of onshore NG of Milletah. Among of these properties, z-factor, density, and viscosity of NG were studied for a wide range of pressures and temperatures. Modelling of the PVT properties-based on MATLAB logarithms for various mathematical correlations based on tested EoSs were established. The obtained results were compared with the famous Standing-Katz (S-K) chart. The common used four EoSs in the gas engineering calculations have been chosen and thoroughly examined for pseudo-reduced pressure and pseudo-reduced temperatures in ranges of 1–14 and 1-3, respectively. The results suggested that the Redlich Kwong cubic equation of state provides a bitter fit to S-K chart than the other EoSs. The prediction of molar volume is significantly dependent on the pressure in range of pseudo reduced pressure of 1-6, which means that the studied NG composition follows a compressible gas behavior in this pressure range. While the viscosity increased from 0.210^-4 to 210^-4 cP with increase in reduced pressure from 1 to 13. The relationship between viscosity and pressure is non-linear at low temperature, while it becomes a linear for high temperature. Keywords:Milletah Oil & Gas–Libyan Branch; equations of state; simulation; matlab; compressibility factor; density; and viscosity.

Gas Division

P_No	Title
106	Hydrotreating of a Mixture of FCC & Coke Gas Oil, 45:55 respectively in Fixed-Bed up Flow Reactor with NiOWO 3[RN-1] for Middle Distillate Full Paper Abstract Hydrotreating of a mixture of FCC and coke gas oil, 45:55 respectively was investigated by using RN-1 catalyst to reduce its sulphur, nitrogen content, saturate of unsaturated hydrocarbon, and to improve the product quality. The experiments were performed in an adiabatic fixed - bed up flow reactor under operation conditions of 3.0 - 6.0 MPa of pressure, hydrogen to gas oil ratio of 300-450 m3/m3, and LHSV of 2.5 -3.5 h-1 at the temperatures of 300-380 °C. The experimental data were used to determine overall apparent reaction orders and activation energies. From the results we can observed that. About 96% of sulphur, 84% of total nitrogen, and 97% of basic nitrogen and 95% of saturation of unsaturated removed; the amount of sulphur in the final product should be about 272 ppm and that of nitrogen 117 ppm, which indicated product improvement, and increasing ratio to middle distillate fuel. Keywords: Fixed-bed reactor; gas oil hydrotreating; NiO-WO3 catalyst.
107	Part A- Hydrotreating of a Mixture of FCC & Coke Gas Oil, 45:55 respectively in Fixed- Bed Down Flow Reactor with NiO-MoO3-WO3 [F-5] Catalyst for Diesel and Gasoline Pool Full Paper Abstract Hydrotreating of a mixture of FCC and Coke gas oil, 45:55 respectively was investigated by using FH-5 catalyst to reduce its sulfur, nitrogen content, saturate of unsaturated hydrocarbon for diesel and gasoline pool. The experiments were performed in an adiabatic fixed- bed down flow reactor under operation conditions of 4.0 - 6.0 MPa of pressure, 300 - 450 m3/m3 of, hydrogen to gas oil ratio, 2 5 - 3.5 h􀀀1 of LHSV and 300 - 380 °C of temperature, by diluting the catalyst with inert ceramics in increasing order. About 97% of sulfur, 80% of total nitrogen, 93% of basic nitrogen, and 95% of hydrocarbon saturation can be achieved. If this product is used to produce gasoline or diesel fuel directly, the amount of sulfur in the final product should be about 110 ppm and that of nitrogen 141 ppm, which increasing its blending ratio to fuel pool. Keywords:Hydrotreating; gasoil; reactor, NiO-MoO3-WO3 catalyst.
108	Part B- Hydrotreating of Gas Oil in Fixed- Bed down Flow Reactor with NiO-MoO3-WO3 [F-5] Catalyst for Reactor Modeling and Simulation Full Paper Abstract Hydrotreating of a mixture of FCC & Coke gas oil, 45:55 respectively was investigated by using FH-5 catalyst to improve the product quality. The experiments were performed in an adiabatic fixed- bed down flow reactor under operation conditions of 4.0 - 6.0 MPa of pressure, 300 - 450 m3/m3 of, hydrogen to gas oil ratio, 2 5 - 3.5 h􀀀1 of LHSV and 300 - 380 °C of temperature. The experimental data were used for reactor modelling and simulation. The set of ordinary differential equations such as material and energy balance equations were integrated along the reactor length using the fourth Rung-Kutta-Gill method using Fortran Program. The addition of quench is required for temperature control for inlet temperature higher than 330OC. Experimental were found to be agree reasonably well with calculated data at high inlet reaction temperature. Hydrocarbon saturation and other reaction must be taken into account due to their contribution to heat evolution. The simulation results showed agreement between experimental and calculated results. Keywords:Hydrotreating reactor modelling; NiO-MoO3-WO3 catalyst.
152	Investigation Of Gas Hydrates Formation In Gas Lines After Contacting Water Pipes During Water Alternating Gas Injection Enhanced Oil Recovery Full Paper Abstract Tertiary recovery, the third stage of production, was that obtained after water flooding (or whatever secondary process was used). Tertiary processes used miscible gases to displace additional oil after the secondary recovery process became uneconomical. Several gases have been injected in hydrocarbon reservoirs as part of EOR process. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons and a few non-hydrocarbons. In combination with water, many of components, commonly found in natural gas, form hydrates. One of the problems in the production, processing, and transportation of natural gas and liquids derived from natural gas is the formation of hydrates. The beginning of the process of gas hydrate formation depends on gas composition. In this work, HYSYS and PVT sim software have been used to investigate the hydrate formation under typical flow line conditions, and to check and compare the capability of these software to predict the hydrate formation conditions. Finally, compare the obtained results, check hydrate formation during normal operation, and depressurization of wells for two option individual and header flow lines. Keywords:Gas hydrates; enhanced oil recovery; gas injection; pipes; HYSYS; PVT Sim software.
162	Prediction of Gas Hydrates Formation in Flow lines Full Paper Abstract Hydrates formation in oil and gas pipelines may lead to severe operating problems and production losses. Once the flow conditions (T and P) are within a stable hydrates region, hydrates formation is likely. Therefore, prediction of hydrates formation region of temperature and pressure is highly important. Analysis of pipelines flow conditions is highly needed to avoid hydrates formation and plugging of flow lines and piping system under both steady and transient flow conditions. Transient flow may include start-up, shut down, increase (ramp up) and decrease (ramp down) of flow rates. Flow assurance results are the basis of the conceptual design of production and transportation facilities in oil fields. Prediction and knowledge of hydrates formation region may determine the needed equipment, production strategies, injection of hydrates inhibitors, heating and or insulation of piping system . . . etc. Modern computer software (such as HYSIS and OLGA) is very helpful in developing conceptual design of surface facilities in oil fields. This paper demonstrates the utilization of modern computer software to predict when and where hydrates will form in flow lines. Two cases are considered; an offshore, subsea tie back line and a subsea flow line. Keywords: Gas hydrates; hydrate formation; pipeline hydrates.
166	Simulation Model of Faregh 5A5 Gas-Condensate Well Test Full Paper Abstract Gas condensate reservoirs exhibit a unique phase behavior as the reservoir pressure decreases. The condensate will drop out around wellbore, which ultimately restricting the flow of gas and reducing well productivity. Therefore, well deliverability and condensate blockage, if not properly treated at the beginning of gas field life, could lead to a breach of long term contracts with the buyers, due to shortage of gas supply. Libyan Faregh field, well 5A5, has faced huge pressure drop during the initial test indicating of some challenges associated with this well deliverability. The objective of our study is to assess and evaluate 5A5 well deliverability using well test analysis with the integration of simulation models and then project its future performance. The study utilized integration of all the available and measured reservoir technical data around well 5A5, including formation properties, phase behavior, dynamic flow models and SCAL data, and DST well test history. Eclipse E100 and E300 were used to simulate gas-condensate well deliverability during the test period. The main outcome of this study revealed that 5A5 well is limited by confined area, as there is no enough volume of gas to support the severe pressure loss during the test analysis. The impact of condensate blockage is of second order considering the average reservoir measured permeability is not so bad (~15 md) which allows for both gas and condensate flow without excessive damage around the wellbore. Furthermore, the study revealed that the expected life of 5A5 well is short (within 5 years) with plateau period of two years if produced at 7.0 MMscf/day. If the well is replaced by a horizontal well, the improvement in overall gas recovery is negligible, but it can extend the plateau period by an extra half year. Keywords: Gas condensate; well deliverability; simulation models.
300	Reduced Sulfur Emissions from Existing Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit-Case Study Full Paper Abstract Hydrogen sulfide is a byproduct of processing natural gas, and considered as one of the most noxious industrial gases and highly toxic gas.H₂S removal from natural gas is particularly required for reasons of environment, safety, and corrosion problems. The most common conversion method used is the Claus process. This method has been developed for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from gaseous emissions. Mellitah plant, which is the focus of this study from the sulfur emission point view. The bottleneck of the Mellitah-complex, is the acid gas stream, which is treated carefully at sulphur plant in order to convert all the associated H₂S gas to liquid sulphur. Since emissions from raw gas are controlled at sulfur plant, Claus unit is the source of all H₂S and SO₂ emissions. In this paper, the effect of various operating parameters on the emissions of H₂S/SO₂ from the existing Claus unit was studied. In order to achieve this objective, the existing Claus unit was simulated by using process simulator Aspen-HYSYS® V8.8. Acid Gas was used as fluid package to determine various operating parameters such as air/feed ratio, burner temperature and overall sulfur recovery, have the greatest impact on the emissions of H₂S/SO₂ ratio in tail gas leaving Claus unit. A series of simulations were carried out by increasing air flow rate/acid gas feed ratio. The emissions of H₂S/SO₂ controller set at 2 which is optimum value. A tail gas ratio of 2 is used for the remainder of the simulations. Also the overall efficiency of the unit is related to the ratio of H₂S/SO₂ in tail gas, is related to the control of air flow rate/feed ratio and the ratio between the two variables. Higher recovery efficiency means less sulfur compounds are emitted in tail gas. Keywords:Claus unit; acid gas feed; burner temperature; sulfur recovery.

Energy Division

P_No	Title
119	Experimental study of solar still performance coupled to a solar collector for potable water production Full Paper Abstract The problem of drinking water shortage is a worldwide issue that made millions of people suffers this shortage. Different classical energy processes were used to partly solve the problem, but they were suitable only for large population areas due to their high capital, operation and maintenance cost. For these reasons, alternative methods must be sought for rural arid areas. This method uses solar energy to drive basin-type and tilted-wick-type solar stills to produce distilled water. The basic idea of the work is to check the production of basin still and tilted wick still using solar energy for solar desalination, using brackish water and solar energy. The still is basically a rectangular basin lined with black or blackened porous material that acts as the solar energy collector. The still was constructed from galvanized iron steel with dimensions 52 X 75 X 6 cm. the base area of 52 X 75 cm. The still inclined at 13^o. Distilled water volume collected was recorded continuously for each hour. The productivity of tilted type still with preheated water was 5.307 L/m² day at an average solar radiation of 676.537 w/m². The productivity of basin type solar still without preheated water was 3.025 L/m² day at an average solar radiation 721.49w/m². Keywords: Desalination; tilted wick still; solar collector.
134	Dynamic Simulation of Performance and Behavior of a "CSP" Parabolic Trough Power Plant with Concrete Storage, If Operated in the South Region of Libya Full Paper Abstract This paper using (TRNSYS) environment; and through a dynamic simulation approach presents general performance indicators of operation of a proposed Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant. The "Parabolic Trough Collector" technology is implemented for electric power generation according to the Rankin cycle for steam generation using the flux of Direct Normal Insolation (DNI). The higher values insolation combined by meteorological environment of the Sahara desert which is available at Longitude 14° E, and Latitude 27° N in the region of "Fazzan" at the south of Libya were the main reasons behind the expected good performance of the system. On the other hand, the storage of the available DNI as heat is selected option to come over the problem of the lack of DNI during night and less expected forecast days. Additional area of mirrors and extended absorbing heat pipes has been considered to collect and convert more solar radiation into heat that has to be stored to cover later power demand. A concrete storage was the choice to store sensible heat for later use. Good performance indicators of solar system and storage behavior have been observed and registered for long term simulation. Keywords: Concentrated Solar Power CSP Technology, Simulation, Direct Normal Insolation DNI, Solar, Power Generation, Concrete Heat Storage.
218	From Trash to Treasure the Thermochemical Conversion of Garbage into Biofuel Full Paper Abstract In a growing world, where the conventional forms of energy are fast moving towards extinction as well as are contributing generously to global concerns like the greenhouse effect and global warming, the need to innovate and employ alternate or unconventional energy sources has become crucial for the existence of a future. Each month millions of tons of waste are produced. Either they become a part of landfall or are exported to third world countries. This causes huge environmental impact in terms of wildlife, ecosystems and to human health. Keeping this in mind, many new waste treatment plants have come up and have developed new ways to generate energy from landfall waste. In Libya for instance, it can be clearly seen the massive amount of garbage that is produced every day then they burn it in the landfalls which causes many significant environmental impacts (i.e. Air pollution). This paper is aimed to convert at least 50% of non-recyclable municipal solid waste (i.e.Garbage) in Ajdabya municipality into clean fuels and renewable chemicals in the short term which is expected to be in 2018, and in the long term by 2020, it is predicted that to convert 80% of the total amount of Garbage that is produced. Keywords: Thermochemical conversion; gasification; mass combustion; biofuels.
252	Manufacture and Characterisation of Novel Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Full Paper Abstract The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a device of energy conversion which has high efficiency and very low green house emission. In this work, the anodes are made from composite materials - typically Nickel in yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) while cathodes are made of lanthanum strontium manganate (LSM). The aim of this research is to investigate and manufacture the cathode of an SOFC by using a novel electroless co-deposition of nickel, YSZ and LSM onto a ceramic substrate. Initially, a cathode for a traditional (higher temperature) SOFC is manufactured using LSM powder in a nickel electroless bath. The effect of orientation (horizontal and vertical) of the substrate is investigated. The second stage of the project is to manufacture a cathode for intermediate temperature SOFCs by using a Nickel/LSM/YSZ composite. For this, the substrate is placed horizontally in the electroless bath. Finally, the evaluation of the experimental work is carried out by examining the coating using optical microscopy, electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis. The results from the experimental work carried out to manufacture these cathodes are found to be encouraging. For the cathode used in the higher temperature SOFCs, successful co-deposition of nickel and LSM is achieved. Additionally, the substrate coated in the horizontal position shows a higher percentage of LSM powder deposited than the substrate coated in the vertical position. However, the horizontally positioned substrate is found to be less uniform in nature compared with the vertically positioned one. Furthermore, the thickness coated in the vertical substrate is about 22µm while the thickness of the horizontal one is about 5µm. For the intermediate temperature SOFC cathode, successful co-deposition of nickel and LSM/YSZ is achieved. Keywords: SOFC; Yttria stabilized zirconia; Nickel; Orientation, electroless co-deposition.
272	Productivity and Efeciency of Modified Solar Still Using Convex Lenses on the Glass Cover and Radiating Surfaces Inside Full Paper Abstract There is a problem of potable water shortage in many parts of the world nowadays. For many developing countries, desalination using solar energy is the solution to overcome this issue. This paper investigates the performance of a solar still using the convex lenses on the glass cover, and radiating surfaces below the lens to increase the solar radiation inside the solar still. The results of this investigation indicate that using of a convex lens and radiating surfaces can significantly increase the daily productivity and the efeciency of the single basin solar still. Experiments were carried out during March 29 to June 6, 2016, at Sabratha Engineering College, Libya. The amount of distilled water was measured starting from 10 A.M to 4 P.M each day. The results showed that the maximum daily productivity and efeciency of the new still with a convex lens and radiating surfaces was 2.248 L/day and 63.64% respectively at 4:00 PM on May 26, 2016. Keywords:Solar still; productivity; solar radiation; convex lens
278	Construction, and Testing of a Parabolic Trough Collector for water heating purposes in Libya Full Paper Abstract Libya is one of the biggest countries in Africa with an area about 1,760,000 km², lies between latitudes 19° and 34°N, and longitudes 9° and 26°E. The total daily average ranges between 5 and 7 kWh/m².day, thus, it owns a great potential of solar energy. The energy for water heating represents the biggest portion of energy consumption which is proportional to the availability of solar radiation during the day. Introducing renewable energies on the housing and industrial sectors should lead to energy savings. In this paper, construction and testing of a Parabolic Trough Collector have been investigated under local climate conditions of Sabratha City in Libya (latitude 32.8° N, longitude 12.5°E). The testing is taken from December 30, 2015 to April 5, 2016. The testing results showed that the maximum instantaneous outlet water temperature of 88.4 °C for a direct solar radiation of 930 W/m2 at a flow rate of 14.4kg/hr at 12:45 PM on March 30, 2016. Moreover, the maximum instantaneous thermal efficiency reached 52.7% for a direct solar radiation of 243 W/m² at a flow rate of 14.4kg/hr at 10:00 AM on January 4, 2016. Keywords:Parabolic Trough Collector, useful heat gained, solar radiation, Collector efficiency.

Chemistry Division

P_No	Title
118	Determination of Some Metallic Elements in Olive Oil Produced in Misurata Region Full Paper Abstract The determination of Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in olive oil produced in Misurata region was performed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The study assigned that wet-dry ashing method using sulfuric acid gave better results than dry and wet ashing methods. We found that the content of the heavy metals in all of the tested oils was lower than the maximum values recommended for FAO/WHO except Fe and Mn metals. Keywords:Heavy metals; olive oil; wet-dry ashing; atomic absorption spectroscopy.
153	Spectroscopic Investigation And Computational Study Of Some Thieno[2,3-D]Pyrimidine Compounds Full Paper Abstract The present work is aimed to synthesize and computational study of some heterocyclic compounds containing thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Moreover some of the synthesized compounds were tested in vitro against breast carcinoma. Compound 1 was reacted with chloroacetonitrile in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate to give the cyanometylthio derivative which underwent cyclization upon treatment with ethanolic sodium ethoxide to give 5-amino-6-cyano-4-methyl-2-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 3 and N-acetylation of compound 3 by refluxing in acetic anhydride afforded N-(6-cyano-4-methyl-2- phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)acetamide 4. Also the o-aminocyano 3 was used as precursor intermediate to produce pyrimidithienopyrimidinone and pyrimidiothienopyrimidine derivatives 5 and 6 by reacting with formic acid and formamide respectevely. Refluxing of compound 7 with an excess amount of ammonia solution 35% gave N-(6-cyano-4-methyl-2-phenylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5- yl)formamidine (8) . Hydrazionlysis of compound 7 with hydrazine hydrate 99% in absolute ethanol gave the 7-Amino-8-imino-4-methyl-2-phenylpyrimido[4\,5\:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine (9), The latter compound underwent ring closure upon treatment with acetic anhydride to afford 4,8-Dimethyl-2- phenyltriazolo[1\\,5:1\,6\]pyrimido[4\,5\:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine (10). The total optimization interaction energy of these compounds had leads to an energy profile by DFT method. Keywords:Synthesis , Mechanism, Thienopyrimidine, yrimidothienopyrimidine , Biological activity, Theoretical investigations, DFT.
282	Study of some Chemical Indicators of Water Quality in Ain Kaam Zliten City Full Paper Abstract Water quality and availability are most important indicators of sustainable development that have a significant role in realizing the reaching in the field of economic and social development. The biggest value of the surface water in the Libyan coast comes from using them for irrigation and sometimes as a source of potable water. This study aimed to assessment of some chemical indicators of water quality in Ain Kaam (spring) at Zliten city which including calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate and silicon dioxide. The analytical results indicated that most of the chemical ions values have exceeded the acceptable limit for drinking water in Libyan standard and internationally (WHO) for calcium, sodium, chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate, while values of magnesium and potassium ions did not exceed the allowed range for drinking water. According to the chemical indicator results, the water can only use for irrigation and need treatment for drinking. Keywords:Chemical Indicators, Ain Kaam, Zliten, Water Quality

Petroleum Division

P_No	Title
121	Petrographic Analysis of the Sarir Sandstone in Messla Oil Field, Southeast Sirte Basin, North Central Libya Full Paper Abstract Petrographic studies show that the Sarir sandstone in composition from (sub-arkose to arkosic aren- ite). During early diagenesis, the Sarir sandstones were modified by calcite, dolomite, and locally pyrite, diagenesis process; replacements of corroded silica by carbonates. Cementation fluvial sand- stones Intrastratal dissolution and precipitation of kaolinite in the resulting pore space. Deformation of micas between more resistant grainy pre-dates one phase of quartz overgrowth, probably the car- bonates. The methodology was conducted with the review of the previous; published papers, the open file of the Arabian Gulf Oil Company (AGOCO). Thin sections were used for the petrographic analysis with polarized and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). The results of the study were: subsurface investigations including cores (conventional and side walls), petrographic analysis, and wire-line logs suggested that this formation (Sarir sandstone) can be divided in to three main units in Messla oil field. The quarzitic sandstones of (the lower and the upper Sarir sandstones) are considered to be the main producing horizons where quartz grains have undergone a complex diagenetic history, including: authigenesis, quartz and feldspar overgrowths, dissolution, carbonates cementation, and replacement. The nature of the shale facies, (i.e. lack of organic content, and presence of oxidizing conditions indicated by iron oxides color, indicate that they are not a significant source of hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the Rakb shale is the only source rock in the studied and adjacent areas. Keywords:exploration; chemical; petroleum; gas; conference
126	Water Injection Performance Calculations in Intisar 103A Oil Field, Libya Full Paper Abstract Using pressure and production records, formation properties and bottom-hole sample data, the per- formance of a Libyan oil reservoir (103A Intisar) was studied analytically to define and evaluate the natural forces acting on and within the reservoir. Use is made of material-balance method, the equa- tions for natural water influx and MBAL, PVTP software to estimate the reserves. The reservoir pressure is an available data included in the production history data obtained from the operator company to indicate the reservoir performance. According to the reservoir behaviour studies, some assumptions were made and the calculations started depending on those assumptions. Then the re- sults had been obtained such as the oil initial in place and the values of the water influx, and the recovery factor of the produced oil, and the indexes of the drive forces acting on and within the reservoir. These results helped to indicate the performance of the reservoir. Keywords: Water; injection; performance; calculations; oil; reservoir.
148	Prediction of Trip, Connection, and Total Times for Top Drive and Kelly Drilling Rig Systems Full Paper Abstract It is essential, in any drilling operation, to minimize trip time and connection time in order to achieve the minimum drilling cost possible. It is generally assumed, for the calculation of cost per foot of drilling purposes, that the trip time is one hour for 1,000 feet. Connection time, on the other hand, varies according to the drilling system deployed. A top drive system allows reducing connection time by two thirds of the number of connections required by a kelly system which means less cost. However, top drive rigs come with higher rental rates than the rotary drive system. In this study we develop correlations for estimating drilling trip time, connection time and total time for both the top drive and kelly drive drilling systems. For this purpose, drilling data from the drilling daily reports of ten drilled wells in three different Libyan oil fields were gathered. Six wells were drilled using kelly system, and the remainder wells were drilled through the top drive system. The results indicate that the correlations can be adequately used to calculate the trip time, connection time and total time. This, in turn, allows predicting the total cost of drilling a well and also which type of drilling system yields less cost; the top drive or the kelly drive. Keywords:Trip time; connection time; total time; drilling costs; top drive; rotary drive systems.
155	Well Log Analysis for Oil and Gas Formation Evaluation of Hawaz Formation in Murzuq Basin, Southwest Libya Full Paper Abstract The well logs are one of the main tools applied to identify the important subsurface information. The main objective of this study is to evaluate Hawaz reservoir in purpose of estimating the hydrocarbon in place, rather than completions to increase the production and to enhance oil recovery from the study area. This will be carried out through predicting the deposition environment and its relation to the petrophysical model deduced from well logs. Well logs are the main tool to conform the core and cutting sample description (lithology and type of fluid or gas) and correct the depth of these samples of each drilled well. Consequentially, the well logs considered in this study were used to give the detail and accuracy of rock properties at any depth. Also petrophysical characteristics such as from well logs are: volume of shale, porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, permeability, pressure and temperature at any depth, were calculate these properties give indications on rock type, rock properties and type of fluid. Where might be construction petrophysical model, this model gives us indication lateral distribution of Hawaz Formation in Murzuq basin. Keywords:Well log analysis; Murzuq basin; gas, oil.
165	Phase Behaviour Modelling of NC98 Field Full Paper Abstract Fluid properties in states near a vapor-liquid critical region are the most difficult to measure and to predict with EOS models. The principal model difficulty is that near-critical property variations do not follow the same mathematics as at conditions far away from the critical region. Libyan NC98 field in Sirte basin is a typical example of near critical fluid characterized by high initial condensate gas ratio (CGR) greater than 160 Bbl/MMscf and maximum liquid drop-out of 25%. The objective of this paper is to model NC98 phase behaviour with the proper selection of EOS parameters and also to model reservoir depletion versus gas cycling option using measured PVT data and EOS models. The outcomes of our study revealed that, for accurate gas and condensate recovery forecast during depletion, the most important PVT data to match are the gas phase Z-factor and C7+ fraction as functions of pressure. Reasonable match, within -3% error, was achieved for ultimate condensate recovery at abandonment pressure of 1500 psia. The smooth transition from gas-condensate to volatile oil was fairly simulated by the tuned PR-EOS. The predicted GOC was approximately at 14,380 ft. The optimum gas cycling scheme, in order to maximize condensate recovery, should not be performed at pressures less than 5700 psia. The contribution of condensate vaporization for such field is marginal, within 8% to 14%, compared to gas-gas miscible displacement. Therefore, it is always recommended, if gas recycle scheme to be considered for this field, to start it at the early stage of field development (at P higher than Pdew). Keywords: Near critical fluid; gas-condensate; gas cycling; EOS models
170	Assessment of Different Development Scenarios for Sharara A-NC186 Field Using Simulation Models Full Paper Abstract The purpose of our study is to assess different development scenarios for Sharara A-NC186 pool using Eclipse models (E100 and E300). The studied scenarios are the natural depletion, water injection, water flooding and CO₂ WAG injection. Two models which are considered in this study using 5- spot pattern 3D model and sector 2D model. Eclipse PVTi package was used to model the phase behaviour of A-NC186 using measured PVT analyses conducted on captured fluid samples from this field. The three-phase relative permeability for each model layer was established using Eclipse SCAL package. Area around the discovery well A1, with the proper characterization of field phase behaviour and geological models as well as the dynamic flow parameters, was selected for this study. The main outcome of this study revealed that, the optimal and feasible development scenario is water flooding with the proper monitor and management of the injected water into the reservoir, as well as the proper distribution of the flooded water across the vertical section. Water flooding will prolong the well life and exploitation period and substantially improves the ultimate oil recovery. CO₂ Injection and CO₂ WAG injection has no added value to recovery enhancement, mainly due to reservoir heterogeneity and unfavourable mobility. Also, CO₂ is not fully miscible which will tend to segregate and override trapped oil and accordingly decreases its sweep efficiency. Natural depletion and water injection have both demonstrated low ultimate oil recovery. Water injection into the aquifer is hindered by the impermeable layers and will neither properly maintain the pressure nor improve oil recovery. Keywords:5-spot model; water flooding; CO₂ WAG injection
171	Dynamic Validation of Amal Phase Behaviour for EOR Application Using CO₂ as Solvent Injection Full Paper Abstract Injection of CO₂ into a reservoir for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) results in complex fluid phase behaviour that require accurate reservoir fluid characterizations by equations of state (EOS) to capture the phase interactions in miscible CO₂ floods. Amal is a giant Libyan field classified as low shrinkage type of oil and characterized by relatively law solution gas-oil ratio (GOR) of 400 scf/STB and oil gravity of 35 ºAPI. The field has been producing since1960's under active bottom water drive that maintained the current reservoir pressure at levels higher than the bubble point pressure. The main objective of this paper is to establish an EOS model able to characterize Amal phase behaviour accurately in immiscible and miscible conditions. A model that statically validated against the conventional PVT data and dynamically validated to match the slim-tube experiments. Three parameters Peng-Robinson (PR) and Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equations of state are used to model the Amal phase behaviour. In addition, 1-D slim-tube model is built using commercial compositional simulator to simulate four slim tube experiments. The outcome revealed that conventional PVT data will not reflect the proper phase behaviour model when it was used to simulate the slim tube experiments. Therefore, further efforts are giving to EOS tuning. Also, the lumped compositional model was not so perfect to simulate the hump phenomenon in slim tube experiments like extended model did. Perfect match of all slim tube experiments from immiscible to miscible conditions at pressures of 2000, 3000, 3600 and 4000 psia were achieved indicating the validity and reliability of the realized phase behaviour model. Keywords:Phase behaviour; equation of state modelling; EOR processes; CO₂ solvent injection
173	A New Simple CO₂ Minimum Miscibility Pressure Correlation Full Paper Abstract The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is one of the most important parameter to be determined in miscible gas injection projects to ensure and maximize the displacement sweep efficiency inside the reservoir. Usually the most effective way of determining the MMP is to run slim tube experiments. However, in the early screening stage, we often relay on the published empirical correlations to estimate the MMP and identify the candidate fields for EOR gas injection projects. The main objective of this paper was to examine different published empirical CO₂ MMP correlations using measured data mainly obtained from Libya and other published resources, and also to develop a new simple reliable correlation to be applied in the oil industry. The data collected covered a wide range of CO₂ MMP (1544 – 6244 psia) and oil API gravity (28 – 52 ºAPI). Minitab regression tool was extensively used in our study and a wide range of new constructed correlations ranging from simple to complex ones were developed and statistically evaluated. The proposed simple CO₂ MMP correlation is mainly function of the measured Pb, API, T, and Rsi and has very reliable degree of accuracy (SD=6.7%, RE =0.44%, AbsRE = 5.74%, R2 =95.22%) for the examined data and is more superior to all other industry published correlations. The new correlation was validated against 100 measured PVT variables (Pb, Rsi, T & API) obtained from Libya, and the predicted CO₂ MMP results have demonstrated very reliable trend (within the measured CO₂ MMP trend) with no anomalies. Keywords: CO₂ MMP, EOR Screening, PVT variables.
175	Comparsion Study of Subsea Leak Detection Technologies Full Paper Abstract An offshore leak detection technology for identifying hydrocarbon leakages under subsea conditions is an area of interest for many oil and gas companies. The human and environmental consequences of offshore leakages and spills have been the reason for oil and gas companies to study and develop detection technologies that can locate, with high sensitivity and fewer limitations, leakages. The purpose of this paper is to identify the state-of-the-art in subsea leak detection technologies. Comparisons based on the advantages and disadvantages of those technologies are also presented. Additionally, the limitations of subsea leak detection technologies were identified, along with potential solutions to those limitations. Keywords:Subsea, Leak, Detection, Pipelines; Sensors.
197	Clay Types and Reservoir Quality of the Hawaz Succession, Murzuq Basin, SW Libya Full Paper Abstract Hawaz formation present in the subsurface of Murzuq basin forms one of the most important hy- drocarbon reservoirs in the area and comprise fine to medium grained sandstone with alternation of shale and siltstone beds. This succession is informally subdivided, from top to bottom, into 8 layers (H1-H8). The interpreted reservoir facies for the Hawaz units include fluvi-tidal channel sandstone, bioturbated sandstone, heterolithic sandstone and mudstone facies. The lateral facies variation is minor and well to well correlation is persistent for a field scale. Well logging data together with core information were analyzed in order to understand the reservoir quality of the Hawaz sandstone units with respect to the clay types. The clay types identified throughout the reservoir section include Illite, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite and mixed layers' clay. Clay types is generally related to reservoir facies types with fluvio-tidal channel being the high quality reservoir containing little amount of kaolinite and traces of Illite clays and the low quality reservoir is the bioturbated sandstones with dominant Illite and mixed layers' clays with traces of Kaolinite. Keywords: Hawaz reservoir; Kaolinite; Illite; clay minerals.
201	Enhancement and Utilization of Abu-Attifel Produced Water in Enhanced Oil Recovery Full Paper Abstract One of the main concerns of oil producing countries is to protect oil wells in order to increase their lifetime as well as their daily crude oil production. Abu-Attifel field produces large quantities of aquifer water and produced water daily. In this study, Abu-Attifel field is used as a model to assess the reinjection of aquifer and produced water and to study the effect of displacing residual crude oil in the field. In particular, an estimate of injection rates and pressures is needed during the planning stage of a water flood for the purpose of sizing injection equipment and for the purpose of predicting oil recovery rates. The main objective of this study is to develop of Abu-Attifel field with the object of enhancing hydrocarbons recovery. To evaluate the enhancement of crude oil production in Abu-Attifel field, the fluid flow in the reservoir (The rate of flow of crude oil and combined aquifer water and produced water at any radius r+dr in Q barrels per day) have been studied. The effect of permeability on fluid displacement is greatly strong dependent, high permeability is a major factor in the high recovery of oil by increasing the pressure and/or decreasing the pressure drop in the wellbore region. When the mobility is less than unity, oil flows better than water and it is easy for water to displace oil; however, this condition generally results in high sweep efficiencies and good oil recovery. The mobility of the injected fluid (water) during water flooding affects the stability of the displacement front; mobility control can lead to greater reservoir pore volume being contacted during flooding. Contacting more upswept zone of the reservoir will lead to greater recovery efficiency. In this study mathematical model is utilized where partial differential equation model is solved to estimate the pressure drop in different location of the field to locate the optimum operating condition of the EOR project. Keywords: EOR; water injection; reservoir modelling; permeability; water flooding
212	Well Control Case Study Analysis for Well U1-72 (En-Naga O Structure) Harouge Oil Operations, Libya Full Paper Abstract Well control and blowout prevention have become particularly important topics in the hydrocarbon produc- tion industry for many reasons. Among these reasons are higher drilling costs, waste of natural resources, and the possible loss of human life when kicks and blowouts occur. The case study of this project was selected from Harouge oil operations drilling history at En-Naga O prospect which is located in southwest of concession 72, due to volcanic activity in the past, which created carbon dioxide reservoir in Bahi for- mation, and due to dyke cross formations the gas moved to upper zones that's content high porosity and permeability. That's activity made the En-Naga O prospect one of the most difficult structure to be drilled due to abnormal pressure formation at loss circulation and fractured zones. This project is amid to study and to help in finding engineering solutions at drilling unstable formations En-Naga O prospect, which consists of high pressure zone and loss of circulation problems. Where the drilling cost of U1-72 raised up to approximately 4 times from the planned cost, due to high pressure and loss circulation problems while drilling. This study end up with very important recommendations as a lessons learned from this well practices, including mud weight should be designed properly at different hole intervals to control properly formation gas, casing setting depths should be reviewed to prevent hole problems and impose more control on the well geometry, and it's very important to apply proper particle size management selection for use loss circulation materials for achieving proper lost circulation zone sealing and treatments. Keywords: Well control; drilling costs; mud weight; loss circulation.
234	Simulation Study of Miscible CO₂ Flooding in Stratified Reservoirs Full Paper Abstract The production from underground petroleum reservoirs in early stage is totally accomplished by the reservoir natural energy. Ultimately, the production will decline, the secondary phase of oil started then followed by tertiary techniques when it becomes uneconomical feasible. The essential aim of this study is to examine the effects of vertical heterogeneity, by studying the layers' permeability order, degree of heterogeneity, injection rate and degree of communication effects on the performance of miscible gases ooding in reservoir experiencing vertical stratification. The second scope of this research is optimizing WAG techniques in such reservoirs which implemented to control the negative effects of gravity forces that arise from the huge density and mobility's difference between the driving and in-situ reservoir uid. The sensitivity analysis was designed to account the governing parameters for predicting efficient scenario of displacement such as slug size, WAG ratio, and WAG length and gas injection rate. Based on the result reported in this study, the performance of miscible CO₂ process was the preferable. The CO₂ ooding enhanced as the injection rate increased while the fining upward is the best permeability depth configuration for such EOR process. Virtually the communication between the layers lead this process of recovering more oil to limited value where the gravity force starts to act negatively. WAG CO₂ EOR performance was assessed based on the oil recovery factor and the amount of injected CO₂, for stratified reservoir with limited CO₂ sources the performance is getting better as the WAG ratio increased until critical ratio where the effect of miscibility is fully masked. Keywords:Vertical heterogeneity; continuous CO₂ injection; miscible CO₂ WAG optimizing.
243	Evaluation of Solution Gas-Oil Ratio Correlations for Libyan Crude Oil at and Below Bubble Point Pressures Full Paper Abstract The prediction of reservoir fluids properties, such as bubble point pressure, oil formation volume factor and solution gas-oil ratio, is considered one of most important key factors in reservoir engineering calculations. The best source of oil property data is a laboratory PV T analysis of a reservoir uid sample. However, in the absence of experimentally measured properties of reservoir uids, these physical properties must be estimated from correlations. Because crude oils from different regions have different properties, it is recommended to assess the accuracy of the existing correlations. In this paper, correlations by Standing, Lasater, Vasquez and Beggs, Glaso, Al-Marhoun, Petrosky and Farshad, and modified Standing were tested to predict the solution gas-oil ratio (Rs) at and below bubble point pressures for Libyan crude oils. A total of 151 PV T data points representing different Libyan crudes were used in this study. For the conditions considered in this study, Lasater and Standing correlations have been shown to yield the least errors and deviations for the solution gas oil ratio, but such errors are unacceptable and they need further modification to fit adequately Libyan crude oils. Also, the results obtained show that the studied correlations gave less errors if they are applied to the same ranges of data used to develop each correlation. Because all published correlations considered in this study failed to give satisfactory predictions, it is recommended that a correlation for solution gas oil ration should be developed for the Libyan crudes. Keywords:Solution gas-oil ratio; PV T; bubble point pressure; Libyan crude oil; statistical error
244	Hydraulic Fracturing Technique to Improve Well Productivity and Oil Recovery in Deep Libyan Sandstone Reservoir Full Paper Abstract Hydraulic fracturing has become an important technique to improve well production and the recovery of low-permeability reservoirs in the oil and gas field development. Worldwide there are vast reserves of hydrocarbons trapped in tight sandstone formation. To produce this huge amount of reserve from low permeability formation economically, hydraulic fracturing can be applied. This paper discusses the analysis of pressure and production data from successful hydraulic fractured vertical well in low permeability Nubian reservoir. Based on several screening criteria, the vertical oil well from Nubian sandstone reservoir was selected for stimulation job by hydraulic fracturing. Several hydraulic fracture models have developed to optimize hydraulic fracture in order to increase the productivity index of the subject wells. All Pressure and production from the pre and post-hydraulic fracturing treatment data were collected and analyzed to assess the job success in terms of effective fracture parameters, fracture conductivity and reservoir parameters. Based upon the results of these results, the oil production rate of the subject wells is improved dramatically by 10 times with a significant decrease in the formation damage near the wellbore. Therefore, the success of the fracture treatment is largely due to efficient candidate selection, project management, fully integrated project team and systematic application of existing hydraulic fracturing techniques. Keywords:Hydraulic fracturing; low permeability reservoir; Nubian sandstone reservoir; well productivity and oil recovery; formation damage.
247	Estimation of the Restarting Pressure for Abu-Attifel Crude Oil Full Paper Abstract Many pipelines around the world are now transporting wax-containing crude oils. Transporting such oils poses serious handling problems that is tragically have been very expensive to overcome. Wax containing crude oil has high pour point. Wax crystallizes as temperature is reduced. These results in gelled crude when the temperature is getting lower than pour point during shut down periods. Waxy crude oils contain a large amount of wax, possess a high pour points and exhibit non-Newtonian viscosity behavior. As the waxy oil cools, crystallization of the paraffin causes part of crude oil mass to gel. Actually congealing of the oil may start at temperatures considerably above the pour point. When this cooling takes place in a pipe a certain pressure is required to initiate the ow of the waxy crude. Also an important for pipeline design is the definition of pressure required to start up the pipeline after shutdown. In addition, the laboratory tests of the fluid to be transported is also important to characterize its exact rheological behavior by means of a full scale test loop. An experimental study of the ow behavior (restarting pressures, RSP) for Abu-Attifel crude oil was the major objective of the study. The obtained results have been used to test a mathematical model, which simulates the oil pipeline. OPAL (OPAL limited, UK, and Aberdeen) Pipeline Restart Pressure Apparatus was used to study re-start pressure of desired crude oil. Result of RSP for Abu-Attifel crude oil samples (1 m, 2 m and 5 m) long, at constant diameter (3/8in), is measured. In addition, RSP for samples (1/4 in and 3/8 in) diameter, at constant length (1 m), is also measured. The major effect on the yield stress is the temperatures only, but diameter and length of the pipeline have minor effect. The RSP begun at 35 oC or above for Abu-Attifel field. Keywords:Abu-Attifel; crude oil analysis; pipeline; restarting pressure; RSP.
262	New PVT Correlations for Libyan Crudes Full Paper Abstract PVT properties are very important in reservoir and production engineering analyses such as material balance calculations, well testing, reserve estimation, inflow performance, production operations and design of surface facilities. New empirical PVT correlations have been developed for Libyan crudes with reliable degree of accuracy. These include; bubble point pressure (P_b), oil formation volume factor(B_o), gas solubility (R_s), stock tank oil molecular weight (M_wt), dead oil viscosity (µod), saturated oil viscosity (µob), under-saturated oil viscosity (µo), and oil compressibility (C_o). Around 300 PVT samples collected exclusively from Libya, mainly Sirte, Ghadames and Murzuq basins, were used in our study to develop the above PVT correlations and covered wide range of API gravity (26 to 51 °API) and reservoir temperature (100 to 313 °F) normally found in Libyan reservoirs. Minitab regression tool was extensively used in our study to develop the PVT correlations and to statistically appraise them against the industry published correlations. The new proposed PVT correlations have demonstrated much better performance compared to the industry published correlations when tested for Libyan crudes. Also, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models have been developed for Libyan PVT properties predictions. The models show acceptable accuracy and generally are more accurate than the empirical correlations. Keywords:PVT properties; empirical correlations; artificial neural network.
273	Calculation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure for Some Libyan Crude Oils by Using Different Correlations Full Paper Abstract Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is defined as "the recovery of oil by injection of a fluid that is not already produced from the reservoir". There are different methods for the EOR. Among all EOR techniques, the miscible displacement process has the highest potential. It involves the injection of uids that are capable to generate miscibility with reservoir fluid at certain conditions of pressure and reservoir temperature. The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is defined as the pressure required for the injection fluid to generate a miscible front that is completely miscible with the reservoir fluid. There are many available correlations in literature to calculate the MMP for a given injection and reservoir fluids and reservoir conditions. Choosing the best accurate method of calculating the MMP is very important to determine accurately the MMP value. The objective of this study is to determine the best accurate correlation to determine the MMP for Libyan oils. Six correlations were selected and used to calculate the MMP for different CO₂-Libyan oil systems. Obtained results were compared to experimental data from literature. Statistical analysis (SPSS Software) was utilized to evaluate the used correlations. Results show that Glaso's correlation is the most accurate correlation. Furthermore, the available experimental MMP measurements were utilized to develop a new empirical equation to calculate the MMP for CO₂-Libyan oil systems. Results show that the new correlation can be used for estimation of MMP with better accuracy as compared to other correlations. Keywords:EOR; MMP; CO₂; crude oil; correlations.
274	Toward TQM Application in the Lube Oil Plant at Azzawiya Oil Refining Company: Situation Analysis Full Paper Abstract Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management system uses an integrated collection of principles: philosophies, sciences, techniques and tools, to manage all and achieve excellence. To introduce TQM to a running organization, situation analysis is needed first. This paper presents a situation analysis carried out in the period 2014-2015 to examine and identify the possibilities, needs and steps, to introduce TQM to the Lube Oil Plant at Azzawiya Oil Refining Company. Data was collected through surveys and interviews with a representative sample from the plant workforces. The sample was selected from different levels, jobs, fields, departments, ages, education, gender and experience. The collected data cover, measure, assess, and identify the situation in four TQM’s dimensions. To extract the necessary information and conclusion, statistical analysis using SPSS is presented. The results illustrate a partial application of TQM’s principles. The plant strength and weakness points to apply a TQM system are given in the form of weighted moving average values of four sets of parameters; one set in each dimensions. Keywords:TQM; situation analysis; gap analysis; continuous improvement; production capacity.
284	Produced Water Management in Gialo 59E Field Full Paper Abstract This paper provides an overview of the management options to deal with produced water in Gialo 59E oil field. The findings reached that deeper investigations and studies for water management options is needed. Down hole oil water separation (DHOWS) and conventional water exclusion operations might be applicable options. Keywords:Water exclusion; DHOWS; reuse.
286	Microgels, Bright Water, and Colloidal Dispersion Gel (CDG) Applications in Mature Reservoirs Full Paper Abstract Water production is one of the most influential issues in petroleum engineering since a large number of oil and gas wells will produce water in their life time. In addition, water is the most abundant fluid in an oil field, and it is produced along with oil. Excess water production has become a significant concern for oil field operators, because it reduces hydrocarbon production even though the reservoirs still contain significant amounts of hydrocarbons. Due to long-term water flooding, excess water production has become a significant problem for oil field operations as reservoirs mature. This paper reviews recent developments in the microgels Brightwater® and colloidal dispersion gel (CDG). The review investigates properties, evaluations, and applications for water shut-off treatments. It also updates microgel criteria developed in recent years based on field applications reported in the Oil and Gas Journal and at various SPE conferences, as well as the updates of different microgels by the manufacturers. It classifies microgel methods into Brightwater®and colloidal dispersion gel technologies. Microgel technology is used in depth conformance control treatments in mature reservoirs for water shut-off and increased sweep efficiency. New developments in chemical microgels and EOR techniques and mechanisms are summarized in this paper, which clarifies the challenges and limitations for each microgel. The applications of the various microgels will be ruled out based on specific reservoir conditions (mature reservoirs). This work will establish guidelines for the selection and optimization of microgels for use as a water shut-off and conformance control agent under mature reservoir conditions. Keywords:Quantitative chemical applications; water shut-off; conformance control treatments; sweep efficiency; mature reservoirs.
287	Quantitative Analytical Model of the Formation Damage by Gel Particles Full Paper Abstract Formation damage by gel particles has become one of the most important problems in mature reservoirs. The objective of the quantitative analytical model is to identify an analytical model to the best fit of the preformed particle gels (PPGs) filtration test results. This work will analyze the experiments results of low permeability core samples to evaluate the effect of various brine concentrations and particle sizes. This study used a linear analytical model relationship between cumulative volumes versus filtration time with a good fits result. A linear curve equation for the best fitting equation was obtained. According to quantitative analytical model for all of our filtration tests, the cumulative filtration test volume is explained by the following equation: (V cf = mt+b). Where, V cf is the cumulative filtration volume, m is the slop of the linear curve, t is the filtration time, and b is the intercept of the linear curve. Quantitative analytical model results showed the value of the slop m increases as the injection pressure increases. Compared with the experiments, the results show that, if the value of the intercept (b > 2) the damage occurred because the gel particles invasion started into the core surface. Results from the quantitative analytical model were indicated to have a good fitting with almost all of the experimental results. It is the first time to use quantitative analytical model to analysis the formation damage by the PPGs. The results can be used to select the best gel treatment design. Keywords:Quantitative analytical model; formation damage; preformed particle gels; conformance control treatment design; mature reservoirs.
295	Recovery Predictions for Polymer Flooding Method Full Paper Abstract Future performance is very important to evaluate whether an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is successful or not. The most important step in prediction is to determine the amount of oil that can be recovered after applying an EOR process. Polymer flooding is one of the most important EOR techniques used to improve the mobility ratio and, therefore, sweep efficiency. Multiple linear regression techniques were used to develop the equation that can be used to predict the oil recovery based on rock and fluid properties in field data set. A dataset was created by collecting information from EOR surveys of Oil and Gas Journal (1974 - 2012). A total of 481 field projects was considered to construct the dataset. Unfortunately, this data contained a number of problems (duplicate, missing, and inconsistent data) that affected the dataset’s quality. To ensure the quality of the dataset before running any analyses, box plots and cross plots were used to identify data problems. Graphical and statistical methods were used to analyze and describe the results of the dataset. After enhancing the data quality, only 82 fields were used for the predictions.75 fields were used to build the model. The remaining fields were selected to validate the models. Parameters were chosen for the models: area, oil gravity, oil viscosity, porosity, saturation start, permeability, depth, and temperature. The stepwise technique was used to establish the independent model that affects the response variable significantly. Two models were constructed; one to predict oil recovery and another to predict oil saturation (So(end)) after polymer flooding. Equations for both models were presented in this paper. The equation for So(end) appears to represent the best model based on R2 values. Keywords:Polymer flooding; predication; regression; oil saturation model; recovery model.
297	Use and Misuse of Radial Composite Reservoir Models in Well Test Analysis: A Field Example Full Paper Abstract Radial composite reservoir models are helpful and suitable in well test analysis in all reservoir situations, where two regions with different properties concentrically centered on the well are present. Due to its flexibility, radial composite model hardly fails to match well test data. However, obtaining a match with such model does not necessarily mean the reservoir is behaving like a radial composite. This flexibility sometimes causes uncertainty in test interpretation. The decision to select composite models over other models should be geologically justified and/or should at least come from the knowledge of the real conditions where composite reservoirs responses are expected, not that the data cannot be matched using other available models. This paper presents a field example of how and why many of well test models get mistaken for the radial composite model. Recommendations to avoid such mistakes will also be presented. Keywords:Well test; radial composite model; pressure test analysis; mobility.

Environmental Division

P_No	Title
105	Photocatalytic Removal of Pollutants from Petroleum Refinery Effluent Full Paper Abstract The effectiveness of solar photocatalytic degradation to remove organic pollutants from petroleum refinery effluent was investigated in terms of COD reduction. Several parameters such as TiO2 loading, pH, ferrous ions (Fe2+) and ferric ions (Fe3+) were studied. Results of the effect of TiO2 loading indicated that COD removal efficiency increased with increasing TiO2 doses due to the higher total available surface area of the adsorbent. The highest COD removal was found at 0.7 mg/L TiO2. The maximum degradation efficiency of COD (77 %) was found at pH 5. The addition of ferrous ions (Fe2+) and ferric ions (Fe3+) to the suspension solution significantly increased the degradation efficiency. The optimum values of Fe2+ and Fe3+ were 15 mg/L and 20 mg/L respectively. The solar photocatalytic degradation efficiency of usingFe2+ was slightly higher than that of Fe3+. Comparing with the solar photocatalytic degradation of the synthetic samples (4-CP and 2,4-DCP), the degradation efficiency of the petroleum refinery effluent is less than that of synthetic samples. However, the maximum COD degradation efficiency (77%) achieved significantly shows the ability of the solar photocatalytic degradation process to effectively treat highly polluted water. Keywords:Solar photocatalytic degradation, petroleum refinery effluent, COD
151	Investigation of some Heavy Metals Concentration in Certain Vegetable Crops Grown in Industrially Polluted And Non-Polluted Areas in Misurata City Full Paper Abstract This study was performed a complete scan the area of Kaser Ahmed (polluted), Sket and Zerak areas (non-Polluted ) in regarding some heavy metals concentrations such as Pb, Cd, Fe, Cu, Cr and Zn in certain vegetables (Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant, Corn, Bean and Garden pea). A total of 26 and 34 vegetable samples from Polluted and non-Polluted Areas respectively were chosen for analysis. Wet-dry digestion method using HNO3: HCIO4 (ratio 2:1) was employed in sample preparations for analysis. The concentrations of heavy metals in vegetable sample were determined using Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry (DPAdSV) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Statistical analysis were carried out using SPSS program. The results revealed , that the concentrations of studied heavy metals in vegetable, shown a from permissible limit. Fe concentration in all studied samples was relatively high compared with other elements. Zn concentration was within the allowed limit for samples in Kaser Ahmed region . Cu concentration exceeded permissible limit in Bean sample of Kaser Ahmed region and it was within allowed limit for other samples. The concentration of Pb was lower than permissible limit . Cd concentration was exceeded the allowed limit in Eggplant, Bean and Gardenpea samples in Kaser Ahmed region and Pepper sample in Sket region .For Cr, the concentration exceeded the permissible limit and allowable limits in vegetables , approaching the level of poisoning for all samples. Eventually, all elements studied except that of Cr not exceeded the level of poisoning . The results of analyses by( DPAdSV ) were in good agreement with the result of ( ICP-OES) technique Keywords:Trace elements, Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry ( DPAdSV ), (ICP-OES), Wet dry digestion, Industrially Polluted and non-Polluted Areas.
168	Biological Nutrients and Organic Removal from Water Pollutants by Using Biofilm Reactor Full Paper Abstract As the revolution industry has many benefits that make the human life easy and developed; however, there are drawbacks come from sending the waste industry to water rivers. Removing of nutrients and organic pollutants from pollutant water has become an important issue due to the detrimental impact of these components on the receiving bodies. Therefore, the aim of this study is determine the percentage removal of the biofilm come from these pollutants by using the technology of Biofilm reactor system. An effective nutrient and organic pollutants have to be removed from pollutant water at different hydraulic retention time (HRT) (4, 6, and 2 hours). Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) has been used in this treatment which has promising prospects in terms of achieving high nutrient removal efficiency by reducing the operating cost. Biofilm reactor unites were installed at the engineering faculty, in UKM university campus, of which were connected with water polluted river (Langat river). The results show that the maximum removal percentages were 82.47% for COD, 83.47% for NO3-N, 91.21% for NH3-N and 82.58% for TSS. Biofilm reactor system was operated for 55 days in the continuous flow process. As a result of this it can be concluded that the biofilm reactor has efficient removal percentage for nutrients and organic pollutants from pollutant water. Keywords: Nutrients; organic pollutants; biofilm reactor (BR); granular activated carbon (GAC).
202	Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Study of Elemental Concentrations in Some Species of Marine Algae from Different Regions of Libyan Coast Full Paper Abstract Algae are an ideal marine species to study responses to different environmental factors free from complications inherent in research with more complex higher plants. One of the advantages of environmental study using algae is the possibility to achieve and observe many generations during relative short time period. Algae materials have been used as ecological and environmental indicators to monitor and control in many fields of study such as freshwater and marine ecosystems, soil fertility, industrial applications, etc. It also has been shown that algal assemblages could be used as indicators of clean or polluted water. Previous studies proved high sensitivity of the most algae towards changing of environmental conditions, especially as consequences of water pollution. Algae respond rapidly and predictably to a wide range of pollutants and provide potentially useful early warning signals of deteriorating conditions and possible causes. Because of their nutritional needs and their position at the base of aquatic food web, algal indicators provide relatively unique information concerning ecosystem conditions compared with commonly used animal indicators. In most cases ecologically relevant signals of ecosystem changes are being provided that can be used to distinguish acceptable from unacceptable environmental conditions. Algal indicators are also a cost-effective monitoring. Keywords: Algae; ecology; environment; Libyan coast.
239	A Study on the Impact of Sewage Disposal and Marine Pollution at Zliten Beach on the Libyan Coast Full Paper Abstract Water pollution is a serious problem for the entire world. It threatens the health and well-being of humans, plants, and animals. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most international waters on our planet. Nineteen nations border it, more than 10,000 species live in it and millions of people get food, work and pleasure from it. It is the feeding and breeding ground for many endangered species. The Mediterranean sea is expected to be one of the first seas to suffer harm from man’s impact. The study is attempt to investigate of the impact of direct injection of domestic sewage in Zliten city in to Mediterranean sea. In this research paper physico-chemical characteristics of Mediterranean Sea were studied. The parameters studied were pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, sulphate and biochemical oxygen demand BOD. The values of these parameters were found in excessive amounts of waste water are injected daily into the sea without treatment. It can be concluded that the water parameters which were taken for the present study are above the pollution level especially biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness (TH). A brief attempt has been made to study the extent of change in the quality of water in comparison with pure or unpolluted water in Mediterranean Sea. Keywords: Water pollution; pH; total hardness; Mediterranean Sea.
258	Adsorption of Phenol from Wastewater Using Different Adsorbent Materials Full Paper Abstract Pollution of water by phenolic compounds is considered extremely hazardous to the environment due to its negative impacts on the surroundings and health. To help rectify these issues, adsorption method has been gained much interest for wastewater treatment. The core objective of this research is to investigate the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions using various low-cost and eco-friendly materials, including activated carbon (AC), local coal (LC), silica gel (SG), local sand (LS), bentonite (BNTN), and carpentry (C). The main parameters affecting on sorption of phenol were investigated including initial concentration, contact time, and PH. The adsorption experiments were conducted for initial concentrations of phenol in the range of 5 - 100 ppm. The results showed that the maximum values of removal percent were 95%, 55%, 46%, 19.5%, and 45% for AC, LC, SG, LS, and BNTN, respectively. The experimental data showed that the removal of phenol is fast kinetics and reach of equilibrium within 5 mins. The results indicated that AC was the more effective material for adsorption of phenol than the other studied sorbents. The maximum removal percent of phenol was achieved is 95%. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to fit the adsorption experimental data. Keywords:Wastewater treatment; adsorption; phenol removal; Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.
269	The Efficiency and Application of Sole Coagulant and Combined Coagulants in Treating the Soap Wastewater Full Paper Abstract This paper is intended to give a broader understanding on the efficiency and application of sole coagulant and combined coagulants in treating the soap wastewater. Chemical pre-treatment in soap wastewater is common for improving the performance of primary settling facilities. In this experiment inorganic coagulant like alum, chitosan self and alum/chitosan blend were used at different pH for the treatment of soap wastewater by coagulant process and comparison has made between them in terms of performance. Jar test method has been used to identify the best selection of coagulant or combined coagulants in removing the organic matters. Measurement of turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were the parameters to justify the effectiveness of chemical pre-treatment on soap wastewater. The effect of coagulant aid in this experiment was also observed, where it would help in the effectiveness of coagulation process. Optimization of pH and dosage for coagulants were observed to ensure the optimum condition for the chemical per-treatment of soap wastewater. Keywords:Coagulant; soap wastewater; alum/chitosan; wastewater treatment.

Polymer Division

P_No	Title
111	Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles as Catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch Process Full Paper Abstract In the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, synthesis gas; a mixture of predominantly CO and H2, obtained from coal, peat, biomass or natural gas is converted to a multicomponent mixture of hydrocarbons. In this study, a high intensity ultrasonic horn has been used to irradiate the organometallic precursors; Cobalt carbonyl Co2 (CO)8 and ruthenium carbonyl Ru3(CO)12, in low-volatility solvent, with the oxide supports; titania TiO2, under helium flow for 5 h at 273 K, to produce nanostructured materials, as catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch process, with high catalytic activities. The activity of catalysts are better than reference catalysts, and the activity of CoRu catalyst seems very interesting; because it begins to be active at 220 °C, it shows a CO conversion exceeding 90%, and the selectivity towards CH4 and CO2 is very low, which is between the objectives of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. SEM-EDX microscopy indicated that nanoclusters have been deposited on the surface of supports, and well dispersed on the surface, whereas, XRD spectroscopy showed that Co presents as oxide and is not bound with the support. TPR analysis indicated that the addition of small amounts of Ru facilitate the reduction of Co catalyst. This has been concluded from the lowering of the reduction temperature. Keywords: Fischer-Tropsch; gas; hydrocarbons; catalyst; ultrasonic; nanoparticles.
124	Detecting Force Damaging Limits for Polymer Materials Using Strain Gauge Sensor Full Paper Abstract Mechanical properties of polymer materials and its characteristics are needed to determine applied force limitations on flexible objects. Determining force limits for polymers is very difficult due to its high flexibility. This paper presents an experimental procedure to overcome the difficulties mentioned above. The experimental procedure is done on three selected flexible objects (High Density Polyethylene, Phenol- Formaldehyde, and Natural Rubber) at 20 ºC to find the stress point for the objects without damage. The procedure depends on the mechanical properties of polymers and uses strain gauge force sensors (1 N to 20 N) equipped on steel rod to measure the force and strain of selected objects. The results present the accuracy and efficiency of the procedure based on the applied forces and the deformity of objects which depend on the pressure of steel rode. Keywords: Polymers; strain gauge; stress; flexibility.
137	The use of Olive Stone Waste for Production of Particleboard using Commercial Polyester Sealer as a Binding Agent Full Paper Abstract In part to take advantage of solid waste of olives pressing (olive stone) and to reduce their negative environmental impact, using olive stone to produce particleboard is meeting the growing demand for finding new resource as an alternative to wood. This because olive stones is a lignocellulosic materials, with hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin as main components. This paper represents the research work on the production of particleboards using olive stone waste and commercial polyester sealer as a binding agent. The boards were tested for physical and mechanical properties based on the European standards (EN) for particleboard. Furthermore, properties such as porosity, particle size, particle density, distance size, permeability, and presence of fungi and bacteria were evaluated. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of produced particleboard in term of moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling and bending strength are in good agreement with EN standards for particleboard. Properties such as porosity, particle size, particle density, distance size, permeability, and presence of fungi and bacteria had somehow influenced the quality of particleboard. Keywords: Environment; olive stone; particleboard; polyester
138	The Effect of Adding Commercial Unsaturated Polyester Sealer as Coating Layer to Improve the Properties of Compressed Particleboard of (Olive Stone) with Sodium Silicate Full Paper Abstract In the context to advantage of solid waste of process of olive pressing (olive stone) to produce compressed particleboard for different applications. In continuation of our previous study to produce compressed particleboard using sodium silicate as a binding agent, where the results show weakness in cohesion between olive stone particles, which required looking for another binding agent to improve the cohesion. In this study a commercial unsaturated polyester sealer was used as coating layer on the surface of the particleboard. The results show significant improvement in resistance to water absorption and bending strength compared with particleboard produced using only sodium silicate. The properties of produced wood were in the range with the European standards (EN) for compressed wood. Keywords: Solid waste; olive stone; particleboard; unsaturated polyester sealer; compressed particleboard; sodium silicate.
154	Synthesis, DFT Study and the Biological Activity of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Zirconium (IV) Complexes Full Paper Abstract Zirconium (IV) complexes can possess biological activities. These complexes were synthesized via a reaction with equimolar quantity of 8-hydroxyquinoline and saccharides as secondary ligands [Zr(QH)(Glu)Cl2] and [Zr(QH)(Fru)Cl2)], where is (QH) 8-hydroxyquinoline, (Glu) Glucose and (Fru) Fructose. They were characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Also variable temperature studies of these complexes were completed, using UV-Visible spectroscopy to observe electronic transitions under temperature control. Also DFT study was done on these complexes via the information from FT-IR and UV-Visible spectroscopy, and then we calculate highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The biological activity has taken a place in this study as antibacterial. Keywords:Synthesis; 8-hydroxyquinoline; saccharides; glucose; fructose; DFT study; antibacterial
159	The Effect of Immersion Time in 3.5% NaCl Upon the Adhesion and Corrosion Performance of Hybrid Epoxy/Sol-gel System Full Paper Abstract Adhesion property of protective coating to metallic substrate is considered to be a critical factor for achieving an excellent anticorrosion performance. Organic/inorganic coatings modified by sol-gel methods can be tailored to provide covalent bonding for strong adhesion and act as a barrier to limit the transport of water to the surface of the substrate. The adhesive strength of hybrid epoxy/sol-gel joints aged within a corrosive environment (3.5% NaCl solution) for one, two, four and eight week’s was evaluated. The morphology and adhesion of hybrid epoxy/sol-gel have been examined by SEM and lap shear tests. Lap shear tests recorded a mean bonding strength larger than 25±0.9 MPa for the hybrid sol–gel material in dry conditions. However, the experimental results show that the bond strength of joints decreased as the immersion times in the NaCl solution increased. This behaviour can be attributed to moisture uptake and aggressive ion ingress into the bonded area, which limits the degree of bonding at the hybrid epoxy/sol-gel/substrate interface. SEM revealed many cracks in the fracture surface of hybrid epoxy/sol-gel material. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to illustrate the corrosion performance of the coated samples in aggressive environment. The results indicated that there is a decrease in corrosion resistance of hybrid epoxy/sol-gel adhesive with increasing the immersion time. Keywords: Corrosion resistance; NaCl; epoxy/sol-gel; analysis.
177	Investigation of the Processing of Libyan Crude Oil Residues into Carbon Fibers Full Paper Abstract The high cost of the present carbon fiber precursors led researchers to investigate new and cheaper sources. Hence, the scientists all over the world have been making their efforts to develop the material suitable to their native country and attempting to find a new way to make carbon fiber. This study aims to investigate the processing of Libyan oil residues into high quality carbon materials. Samples from Bouri, Es Sider and Amna crude oils were processed by vacuum distillation and air blowing methods to produce pitch precursors. Structural characterization has been carried out by various techniques such as softening point (SP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Vacuum distillation markedly decreased atomic H/C ratio and increased aromaticity as well as the softening point. FT-IR analysis of the produced pitches showed that the relative intensities of the bands associated with aliphatic structure decreased with increased softening point, while the bands of aromatic structure were found to be slightly increased. The formation of the oxygenated compounds was the major feature of air blowing technique. The softening point of the blown pitches could be raised to about 175 °C, giving relatively less weight loss (64%). Carbon fibers have been produced successfully from the Bouri oil residues. The Bouri vacuum distilled pitch was successfully melt-spun into fibers. The resulting fibers were stabilized by oxidation with air. The morphology of the Bouri carbon fiber was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Keywords:Carbon fiber; petroleum pitch; chemical structure.
208	Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites Full Paper Abstract A series of styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer nanoparticles were prepared by grafting styrene–acrylonitrile from both aggregated silica and colloidally dispersed silica nanoparticles using atom-transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) in mini emulsion system. The grafted polymer silica nanoparticles were characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC).The thermal and physical ageing behaviour of the nanocomposites have been examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The addition of silica nanoparticles to PSAN can influence its thermal and aging properties. Grafting PSAN-aggregated silica revealed considerable increase in the glass transition temperature, whereas colloidally silica nanoparticles showed only a marginal improvement. Additionally, while dispersing PSAN in colloidal and aggregated silica accelerated physical ageing, grafting to aggregated silica significantly reduced ageing rates. Keywords: Poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile); silica nanoparticles; physical ageing.
211	Effect of Corrosion on Mechanical Properties of Adhesive Joints Full Paper Abstract Compared with conventional mechanical joining techniques, the use of adhesive bonds presents numerous advantages such as a more homogeneous stress distribution, higher stiffness, high fatigue strength, low weight, the possibility to join dissimilar materials or corrosion prevention for these reasons, structural adhesive bonding has been increasingly used in industries including construction, automotive and sports The identification of the harmful factors and contaminants affecting. The performance of composite joints for aeronautics applications has not been fully achieved. Furthermore, their presence cannot be easily detected by conventional non-destructive tests (NDT).Water diffusion into composite adhesive joints was experimentally studied by means of gravimetric measurements in bond specimens. The main parameters controlling the diffusion in the bond components were obtained from water uptake experiments carried out in bulk specimens of fibre-reinforced composite and epoxy adhesive. The diffusion of water in bonds is a complex mechanism due to the heterogeneous microstructure of the composite and its interface with the adhesive. This process was simulated through micro scale models which represent the microstructure of the composite and of the adhesive joint Structural adhesive joints are adequate for joining aluminium with nearly constant. In terms of fatigue strength, for105 cycles, a decrease about 25% and 39% occurred in specimens immersed during. Keywords: Structural adhesives; degradation of adhesives; water; motor oil.
255	Modeling and Simulation for Utilisation of Chitosan-Polybenzoxazine Crosslinked Polymers for Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil Full Paper Abstract In this work, in the first time, the use of dynamic model for prediction of stress-strain properties of chitosan/polybenzoxazine (CTS-PBZ) pipelines under high internal pressures was reported. Simulations of the stress-strain properties-based on ANSYS software for various CTS-PBZ pipelines with different ratios were investigated. Resistance of CTS-PBZ pipelines were studied for a wide range of internal pressures. The pipelines with different ratios of CTS-PBZ were compared with data in literature for pipelines that were made from polypropylene, polyethylene, styrene, and polycarbonate. The results suggested that the pipeline with 20/80 wt% of CTS-PBZ provides excellent mechanical properties than the other studied polymers. The results also showed that the prediction of stress of CTS-PBZ crosslinked polymer is significantly dependent on the composition of blend polymers. As internal pressure increases, the stress strength increased from 41.9 to 83.6 MPa with an increase in PBZ content from 40 wt% to 80 wt%. The relationship between stress strength and pressure is mostly linear. Before explosion the pipeline, a maximum stress strength of 83.6 MPa where achieved at applied internal pressure of 11.5 bar. Keywords:Natural gas and crude oil; pipeline transportation; polymeric pipelines; modeling and simulation; mechanical properties.
266	Recent Advances of Benzoxazine Precursors for Multidisciplinary applications in Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Full Paper Abstract Polybenzoxazine is a new class of thermosetting polymers that have gained a great interest in many applications. The extraordinary flexibility in molecular design of polybenzoxazines allows the synthesis of benzoxazine precursors in different functionalities. The presence of suitable reactive groups into benzoxazine monomers leads to widening the applications of benzoxazine resins. In addition, the supramolecular structure of benzoxazine monomers and their unique properties provide the benzoxazine field a potential candidate for engineering applications including enhanced oil recovery, adsorption, coatings, and membrane processes. This review highlights the recent advancements of benzoxazine precursors for multidisciplinary engineering applications and the role of benzoxazine functionalities for the desired application field. Keywords:Polybenzoxazine; chemical; petroleum; gas; applications.
277	Using the Latest Techniques in the Processing and Recycling of Used Tires in Libya Full Paper Abstract To address the problem of polymers used featured numerous innovations in a number of developed countries, and included in numerous studies to cope with this phenomenon, and these methods and the most suitable are recycling, recycling polymers are industrial operations environmentally friendly and produce useful products from harmful waste, the product and the method of manufacturing incompatible with the principles of cleaner production and friendly program, polymers prepared (synthetic polymers) This includes the type of polymer plastic materials and synthetic rubber (tires) and leather, industrial fabrics and nylon and polyester and dyes and paints, glass and metal and other organic, this paper analyses the amount of waste tires produced in Libya and then discarded. The importance of doing this research is to find out ways to recycle the waste tires into products to reduce the amount of waste tires in Libya, recycling provides a sustainable source of materials by processing a priority waste so that it can enter into a new cycle of life-extending the functional value of the original resource while reducing the energy required in production, the research methodology entailed compilation of secondary data as well as field work so as to collect primary data, Establish the magnitude of dumped tires, explore creative use of scrap tires to provide raw materials usable in design of new products, mount an exhibition of ideal designs using used tires as raw materials, using the best techniques in the world of tire recycling. Keywords:Tires; recycle; polymers; technique.
280	Biobased Chitosan/Polyester Crosslinked Polymer: Preparation and Characterization of Novel Polymeric Spheres Full Paper Abstract Neat chitosan spheres retain the solubility in dilute acids; therefore, it lacks to be used in various applications. This solubility is typically overcome by presence of crosslinking. A conventional chitosan crosslinking reaction involves dialdehydes, diethers or epoxides. In this study, chitosan spheres were crosslinked with esters-based crosslinker agents. A novel class of crosslinked biomacromolecule spheres has been prepared from chitosan (CTS), and maleic anhydride-based polyester. Two polyesters were synthesized maleic anhydride (MA), 1,4-butadiol (But) and (MA), (But) and glycerine (Gly). The structures of the esters (MA-But) and (MA-But-Gly) were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Crosslinking of CTS spheres were carried out with polyester in ethanol solution (5 wt%). The reaction between primary amine in CTS and carboxylic acid in polyester forming amid bond was confirmed using FTIR. In particular, the stability of CTS-based spheres was significantly enhanced with crosslinking in aqueous media. The effects of crosslinking on hydrophilicity of CTS were investigated. The results indicated that the obtained spheres are good candidates for hydrogel applications such as water purification and gas dehydration. Keywords:Maleic anhydride; chitosan; polyester; crosslinked polymer; polymeric spheres.

Papers in Arabic

P_No	Title
114	دراسة الخواص الفيزيائية و الكيميائية والعناصر الثقيلة لمياه الآبارالجوفية بمنطقة الخمس Full Paper Abstract أجريت هذه الدراسة على عدد 40 بئراً جوفياً في مختلف أماكن منطقة الخُمس وضواحيها ، حيث تقع هذه المدينة على بعد 120 كم من مدينة طرابلس شرقاً ، ويعتمد أغلب سكان مدينة الخُمس على مياه الأمطار والمياه الجوفية في أغلب متطلباتهم المعيشية . اعتمدت هذه الدراسة على أساس قياس الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للمياه المتمثلة في تقدير كل ٍ من أيون الهيدروجين والموصلية الكهربائية ومجموع الأملاح الذائبة والمكونات الأساسية للماء (( الكالسيوم ،الماغنيسيوم،الصوديوم ، البوتاسيوم، البيكربونات ،الكبريتات ،الكلوريد)) إضافة إلى قياس تراكيز العناصر الثقيلة (Fe,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb) باستخدام طرق المعايرة والترسيب والتجفيف و أجهزة الامتصاص الذري والانبعاث اللهبي وجهاز امتصاص الطيف الضوئي وتم تحليل النتائج إحصائياً بواسطة جدول تحليل التباين في تصميم القطاعات تامة العشوائية (ANOVA) . وقد تم التوصل من خلال هذه التحاليل إلى النتائج التالية :- 1 - وُجد أن تركيز أيون الهيدروجين يقع ضمن الحدود المجازة عالمياً ، وقد كان مجموع الأملاح الذائبة فيها مستوى يفوق الحدود المسموح بها عالمياً في جميع عينات مياه الآبار الجوفية ، في حين كانت 75% من الآبار المدروسة تقع خارج الحدود المسموح بها عالمياً للموصلية الكهربائية، إضافة إلى أن 15% من العينات المدروسة تفوق تركيز الكادميوم فيها الحدود المسموح بها عالمياً ،ويرجع السبب الرئيسي في ارتفاع هذه المكونات إلى عدة أسباب ، أهمها:- I- ذوبان بعض الأسمدة الفوسفاتية و الأملاح الصلبة والمعادن المتواجدة بصخور ورسوبيات القشرة الأرضية في مياه الأمطار خلال تسربها إلى الطبقات الحاملة للمياه العذبة في الآبار الجوفية . -IIتداخل مياه البحر مع مياه الآبار الجوفية العذبة خاصة القريبة من البحر، نتيجةً للضخ المستمر. 4- وُجد ايضا أن ملي مكافئات أيون الماغنيسيوم تشكل نسبة أعلى من الكالسيوم وذلك في جُل العينات المدروسة، حيث يشكل كلاهما نسبة أقل من 45% من إجمالي ملي مكافئات الكـــــاتيونات في أغلب الآبار ، في حين يشـــكل الصوديوم حوالي 50% من إجمالي ملي مكافئــــات الكاتيونات ، أما البيكربونات والكبريتات والكلوريد فتــــشكل تراكــــيزها ( <30%، <50%،>50%) على التوالي من إجمالي ملي مكافئات الأنيونات في أغلب الآبار؛ وبهذا تُعد جميع مياه الآبار الجوفية المدروسة في مختلف أماكن منطقة الخمس وضواحيها غير صالحة الاستعمال كمياه للشرب و ذلك لارتفاع مجموع الأملاح الذائبة وتركيز الكادميوم عن الحدود المسموح بها عالمياً في عدد من الآبار .
130	تحديد العمر التشغيلي الآمن لغشاء عديد الإثلين المنخفض الكثافة (LDPE)المستخدم في التيطين الجيوبلاستيكي للآبار مياه الصرف الصحي المنزلية Full Paper Abstract تم في هذا البحث وضع أساس علمي لتطبيق مفهوم العزل الموضعي لمياه الصرف الصحي المنزلية بغشاء بوليمري لمادة عديد الإثيلين المُنخفض الكثافة (LDPE) كبطانة جيوبلاستيكية سُمكها 0.18 mm وذلك للحد من دور ضغط التصريف في توجيه المجاري نحو طبقات التربة والإنشاءات المائية المُجاورة للآبار السوداء المُقفلة. إنجاز هذا الهدف تم بتصميم وبناء نموذج لبئر أسود منزلي حجمه 9.7 m3 وعمقه 1.77 m كإنشاء يستوفي شروط الحماية والوقاية من حيث العمل بنظام التبطين البوليمري المُغلق لهضم 3.55 m3 من المياه السوداء في تجربة بيئية استغرقت 224 يوم. الأعمال المعملية المُكملة لهذه الدراسة شملت توصيف لخواص التربة الفيزيائية التي تميزت بمُعامل نفاذية وقع في المدى 10–7  k [m/s]  10–4 بقيمة 1.22 ميكرون لكل ثانية والخواص الميكانيكية التي برزت فيها نسبة تحمل كاليفورنيا (CBR_Bottom) بقيمة 34.72% والتي تُطابق مدى التصنيف عند المُستوى الجيد للتربة كرمل ناعم طميي مع قليل من الحصى. الخاصية الميكانيكية الأخرى التي لها أهمية خاصة كانت في نتائج إختبار إجهاد القص المُباشر التي حددت قوة التماسك وزاوية الإحتكاك الداخلي (∅) بين حبيبات التربة والتي أُستخدمت في تقييم سعة تحمل التربة بقيمة صافي سعة التحمل المسموح بها (qnet–all.). نمذجة العلاقة الرياضية بين زمن التغلغل (t) والمُتغلغل الذي هو المحور العمودي للماء الأسود (hinf) تمت بقياسات ميدانية لتغير مُستوى السطح المائي في البئر كقراءات لدالة زمن مدتها قاربت الثمانية أشهر (7.47 شهر). بذلك، تم إستنباط العمر التشغيلي للبطانة الجيوبلاستيكية الذي تحدد بفترة زمنية لا تزيد عن أربعة سنوات (3.8 سنة) بعد مرورها بثلاثة مراحل بدأت بالتعارف ثم السيطرة الكيميائية وآخرها حالة الإستقرار الكيميائي التي تلعب دور هام في تحديد العمر الحقيقي لغشاء التبطين. أنتهى البحث بفحص عيني للغشاء بعد التجربة حيث أتضح أن البطانة قد إكتسبت الصلادة اللازمة لمُقاومة إجهادات الشد ولعوامل التهشيم الجيوكيميائي. الكلمات المرشدة:غشاء ، بوليمر ، جيوبلاستيك ، نمذجة ، إستنباط ، صلادة
132	القدرة التنافسية المقارنة للصادرات البتروكيماوية الليبية في الأسواق الخارجية Full Paper Abstract هدف هذا البحث لتقييم القدرة التنافسية المقارنة للصادرات البتروكيماوية الليبية في الأسواق الخارجية، وقد هدف فضلاً عن ذلك إلى تحليل التركيب السلعي للصادرات البتروكيماوية الليبية وتوزيعها الجغرافي، وذلك خلال الفترة 2002-2014. لتحقيق أهداف البحث تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وقد تبنى البحث ثلاثة من أهم مؤشرات قياس القدرة التنافسية للصادرات، وهي مؤشر الميزة النسبية الظاهرة RCA، ومؤشر الحصة في صادرات العالم SFWX، ومؤشر الحصة السوقية MS. أظهرت نتائج البحث تركز الصادرات البتروكيماوية الليبية جغرافياً في منطقة الاتحاد الأوروبي، وسلعياً في بعض المنتجات منها الميثانول، واليوريا، والأمونيا، والبروبيلين، والبولي إيثيلين منخفض الكثافة، والبولي إيثيلين عالي الكثافة، وقد أظهرت نتائج قياس القدرة التنافسية للصادرات البتروكيماوية الليبية أنها قد حققت قدراً عالياً من التنافسية في السوق الإفريقية، وحققت مستوىً متوسطاً بين دول المقارنة في سوق الاتحاد الاوروبي، أما في السوق الآسيوية فقد كانت القدرة التنافسية للصادرات البتروكيماوية الليبية ضعيفة. أكدت توصيات البحث على ضرورة العمل على تنويع الهيكل الإنتاجي لصناعة البتروكيماوية الليبية، وتنويع أسواق التصدير لهذه الصناعة، وقد أوصت الدراسة أيضاً بضرورة العمل على رفع القدرة التنافسية للصادرات البتروكيماوية الليبية من خلال العمل على جانبي التكلفة والجودة. الكلمات المرشدة:(قدرة تنافسية، بتروكيماويات, صادرات, ميزة نسبية, ميثانول , إيثيلين)
169	دراسة إمكانية استغلال الطاقة المتاحة بمحطة تحلية زوارة لإنتاج الطاقة الكهربائية Full Paper Abstract تعتبر الطاقة والمياه من أهم ضروريات الحياة البشرية وأساس التطور العمراني والتنمية الزراعية والتقدم الصناعي في جميع المجتمعات ونظراً لنضوب مصادر الطاقة والمياه التقليدية بدأ التفكير في إستغلال مصادر الطاقة البديلة وتحلية مياه البحر لتعويض النقص الحاد والطلب المتزايد على الطاقة والمياه. تحتوي محطة تحلية مياه زوارة والتابعة للشركة العامة لتحلية المياه في مرحلتها الاولى على عدد ثلاث غلايات لإنتاج البخار المحمص بمعدل 80t/h لكل غلاية عند درجة حرارة220℃ وضغط 15bar والذي يتم إعادة تلطيفه عبر منظومة تلطيف البخار إلى درجة حرارة80℃ وضغط التشبع ليتم استهلاكه أخيراً بالمبخرات لإنتاج المياه المحلاة بسعة إنتاجية تصل إلى40000m3/day . في هذه الورقة تم دراسة إمكانية استبدال منظومة تلطيف البخار بتربين بخاري وذلك لاستغلال الطاقة المتاحة بالمنظومة لإنتاج القدرة الكهربائية وبحيث يكون البخار الناتج من التربين له نفس الظروف المطلوبة عند دخوله المبخر وبما لا يؤثر على إنتاجية المحطة من المياه وذلك لتوفير مصدر كهرباء مستقر للمحطة لتفادي كثرة انقطاع التيار الكهربائي على المحطة وتخفيض تكلفة المتر مكعب من المياه المنتجة. تم استخدام البيانات التصميمية والقيم التشغيلية الفعلية للمحطة لحساب القدرة الكهربائية الممكن إنتاجها أثناء التحوير وكذلك لحساب تكلفة المتر مكعب من المياه قبل وبعد التحوير.حيث بينت الدراسة بأنه يمكن إنتاج نحو 11.9MW من الكهرباء بالمحطة والتي تكفي استهلاك المحطة من الكهرباء بنسبة 300% والتي سوف تساهم في تخفيض تكلفة المتر مكعب من المياه المنتجة بنسبة 12 % من تكلفته الحالية والتي تبلغ 0.973L.D . كما بينت الد راسة بأنه لن يكون هناك فرق كبير في تكلفة المتر مكعب من المياه في حال تركيب تربين بخاري واحد أو استخدام تربنين بالمحطة حيث ينصح باستخدام تربنين لتفادي فقدان مصدر الكهرباء إثناء أعمال الكشف والصيانة. الكلمات المرشدة:الطاقة، تحلية المياه، التربين البخاري، الكهرباء
172	تقييم جودة مياه الشرب من آبار منطقة قيره الشاطئ كيميائيا وميكروبيولوجيا Full Paper Abstract في هذا البحث تم تقدير الأس الهيدروجيني pH, الإيصالية الكهربائية EC , الأملاح الذائبة الكلية TDS , الصوديوم , العسر الكلي , القلوية الكلية , الكالسيوم , الماغنيسيوم , البوتاسيوم , الكبريتات و البيكربونات . إضافةً إلى الإختبارات الميكروبيولوجية , في عينات من مياه آبار منطقة قيره الشاطئ , و كانت القيم المتحصل عليها للـ pH في نفس المدى المسموح به من منظمة الصحة العالمية WHO لمياه الشرب , ما عدا عينة (بئر 5) حيث كانت قيمة الأس الهيدروجيني (6.22) وهي أقل من المسموح به من قبل WHO . أما قيم الإيصالية الكهربائية فكانت قيمها مابين ( 975 – 1305 ميكرو موز / مل ) , الأملاح الكلية الذائبة TDS كانت قيمها مابين (624 – 835.2 ملجم / لتر) , العسر الكلي قيمته ما بين (114-150 ملجم / لتر) و القلوية الكلية (156 – 175 ملجم / لتر) , الصوديوم (69- 73 ملجم / لتر) , البوتاسيوم (23.02- 24.58 ملجم / لتر) , الكالسيوم (22.4 – 30.4 ملجم / لتر) , الماغنيسيوم (9.12 – 22.08 ملجم / لتر) , البيكربونات (262 – 384 ملجم / لتر) , الكبريتات (260 – 385 ملجم / لتر) . و فيما يخص الإختبارات الميكروبيولوجية كانت أعداد البكتيريا في المياه ما بين (4 – 90 مستعمرة / 1 مل ) . وكل النتائج السابقة الفيزيوكيميائية و الميكروبيولوجية في نفس المدى المسموح به من منظمة الصحة العالمية WHO و المواصفات القياسية الليبية لمياه الشرب ما عدا قيمة الأس الهيدروجيني للبئر 5 حيث كانت النتيجة أقل من المطلوب . الكلمات المرشدة:( كيمياء ، مياه الشرب , آبار المياه , جامعة سبها , قيره الشاطئ ) .
226	تقدير تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة في المياه الساحلية على طول ساحل مدينة طرابلس– ليبيا Full Paper Abstract هدفت الورقة إلى تقدير بعض العناصر الثقيلة في المياه على طول الساحل الليبي لمدينة طرابلس. وبينت النتائج أن متوسط درجات الحرارة تراوحت بين (15.3 ° م) - (19.9 ° م) في منطقة تاجوراء/الأندلسي ومنطقة سوق الثلاثاء على التوالي . وتركيز الإيصالية تراوح مابين (62.8)- (59.4) في منطقة ميناء الشعاب وقاعدة معيتيقة على التوالي. أما بالنسبة لتركيز العناصر الثقيلة في المياه أظهرت النتائج أن أعلى العناصر تركيزاً في المناطق المدروسة كان عنصر الحديد يليه عناصر الكوبالت ، المنجنيز، الرصاص، الكادميوم بنسبة (52.3 %)، (22.2 %)، (16.8 %)، (4.60 %)، (4.11 %) بالترتيب . وقد تجاوزت جميع العناصر المدروسة مواصفات اليونسكو القياسية 1978 المسموح بها في مياه البحر باستثناء عنصر الكوبالت . حيث كان أعلى تركيز لعنصر الكادميوم في منطقة تاجوراء الأندلسي (1.11 ملجم/لتر) ، وأقل تركيز كان سوق الثلاثاء (0.83 ملجم/لتر) وعلى التوالي . أما أعلى تركيز لعنصر الكوبالت في منطقة ميناء الشعاب (7.53 ملجم/لتر) ، وأقل تركيز في منطقة سوق الثلاثاء (2.07 ملجم/لتر) . بينما أعلى تركيز لعنصر المنجنيز في منطقة تاجوراء الأندلسي ، وأقل تركيز في منطقة ميناء القصرية قرقارش (3.32 ملجم/لتر) . فيما كان أعلى تركيز لعنصر الرصاص في منطقة تاجوراء الأندلسي (1.27 ملجم/لتر) ، وأقل تركيز في قاعدة معيتيقة (0.46 ملجم/لتر) . كما وصل أعلى تركيز لعنصر الحديد في منطقة ميناء الشعاب (15.4 ملجم/كجم) ، وأقله في منطقة تاجوراء الأندلسي (7.27 ملجم/كجم) . وبشكل عام أظهرت النتائج أن أعلى تركيز للعناصر المدروسة كان في منطقة سوق الثلاثاء (21.49 %) ، ميناء الشعاب (20.80 %) ، جنزور الغيران (15.62 %) ، ميناء القصرية قرقارش (14.50 %) ، ميناء معيتيقة (14.29 %) ، تاجوراء الأندلسي (13.29 %) . كما لوحظ من النتائج ارتفاع تراكيز عناصر الكادميوم، الكوبالت والمنجنيز والحديد غرب المصب عنها في شرق المصب، أما عنصر الرصاص فسجل ارتفاعاً في جميع العينات . الكلمات المرشدة:عناصر ثقيلة، البحر المتوسط، مياه مالحة، ليبيا، طرابلس.
235	التأثيرات الفيزيائية والكيميائية الناتجة عن التلوث بالمياه المصاحبة لنفط من منصة حقل البوري على سواحل مدينة زوارة Full Paper Abstract دائما ما نجد في المكامن النفطية مياهاً مصاحبة له تكون أسفل المكمن تبدأ بظهور مع النفط المستخرج وتتميز هذه المياه بالكمية الهائلة من الأملاح المعدنية المذابة ، و تأتي أهمية رصد التلوث الذي وصلت إليه البيئة المحيطة بحقل البوري لما يترتب علي هذه الملوثات من بعض المشاكل البيئية والتي بدورها تنعكس على الصحة العامة والنمو الاقتصادي والصناعي للدولة. وقد بينت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن الخواص الفيزيائية والكيمائية المدروسة لشواطئ مدينة زواره لم تتأثر بالتركيز العالية لهذه العناصر في المياه المصاحبة حيث كانت تركيزات العناصر المدروسة في المياه المصاحبة مثل الأسى الهيدروجيني , الايصالية , العسورة الكلية, الكالسيوم ,الماغنسيوم ,الصوديوم ,البوتاسيوم , البيكربونات, الكلوريد, الكبريتات النيترات (6.37 ) , (4774 ) ds/m , (22.3 ),(432),(816.17) ,(187.9 ),(1.766 ),(225 ),(2220 ),(3500 ),(0.48 ) ملجم/لتر على التوالي وسجلت نفس المتغيرات في المياه الساحلية لمدينة زوارة (8.4),( 35.8 )ds/m, (0.00),( 0.464) ,( 1.8),( 11.8),(1.81),( 2.7),( 21.4),(8.4),( 0.5) ملجم/لتر على التوالي وسجلت الدراسة أن شواطئ مدينة زواره تأثرات بالتركيزات العالية لبعض العناصر الثقيلة مثل الرصاص والنيكل والكروم في المياه المصاحبة ( 84), (11.6 ), ( 10.1) ملجم/لتر على التوالي حيث سجلت شواطئ مدينة زواره (2.607 ), (6.69 ), ( 0.208) ملجم/لتر على التوالي وسجلت تركيزات عالية في الرواسب البحرية لكل من الرصاص والنيكل والكادميوم (68.7 ) ( 31.12), (5.4) ملجم/لتر على التوالي وقد خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى أن تركيز المعادن الثقيلة والتي تشمل الرصاص ، الكروم ، النيكل ، الكادميوم ، أن تركيزاتها في المياه المصاحبة أعلي عن القيم العتبية لقيم اليونسكو (1978) وأعلي من حدود المتطلبات المصرية لرمي مياه الصرف الصناعي في المياه الساحلية (1994). الكلمات المرشدة:سواحل زوارة, التلوث النفطي ,حقل البوري ، المياه المصاحبة
248	تطبيق تقنيات التحليل الكيميائي النوعي لدراسة المسك الكيميائي Full Paper Abstract التحليل النوعي أو الوصفي Qualitative Analysisهو مجموعة العمليات التي يتم فيها الكشف عن تركيب المواد أو المركبات أو العناصر الداخلة في تركيب مادة معينة أو خليط من المواد سواء أكانت في الحالة الصلبة أو محلول في مذيب معين. هذه الدراسة تهدف الي توسيع السبل من أجل تحليل المواد الشائعة الأستخدام عشوائياً لتنمية ثقافة التحليل الكيميائي. حيث أستخدمت طرق تعتمد علي الخواص الفيزيائية وأخري كيميائية للفصل والتعيين النوعي لمادة المسك الكيميائي أي مسك الـ nitro musks العطري المصنع (مادة شائعة الاستخدام في العطور والبخور). بينت أن الدراسة المسك مادة لا تنصهر بسهوله مما يعني أن المادة غير نقية وأن رفع درجة الحرارة يؤدي الي تفكيك المادة وبعد التبريد تتبلور لذا نستطيع ان نستغل هذه العملية في تنقيتها. العينة تحتوي علي الكربون والهيدوجين وهذا يرجع الي طبيعة عضوية المادة، وهذا يرتبط بمدي قابلية المادة للذوبان لذا ومن خلال أختبارات الأذابة أيضا فأن المسك الكيميائي مادة عضويه معقدة التركيب حيث بينت هذه الاختبارات أن أفضل المذيبات ملائمة لظروف العينة التولوين وان الوزنه المناسبة لكل عمليات التحليل الدقيقة المختلفة هي 1.0 - 0.1جم حسابياَ وعملياَ. الأختبارات الكشفيه التي تبين أن العينة تحتوي علي الهالوجينات خصوصاً الكلور، وعناصر الخارصين ، الرصاص، الصوديوم وتحتوي علي نسبه عالية من الكبريت، يبين تحليل IR أن المركب عطري وأنه يحتوى آمونيا, ومواد راتنجية. أن أكثر طرق التحليل ملائمة لدراسة عينه عضوية معقدة (المسك الكيميائي) هي تقنية عمود الفصل وصفياَ ومن خلال القياسات الطيفية في صورة رسم بياني يمكن تقديرها كمياَ. الكلمات المرشدة:(تعين، نوعي, المسك, جامعة سبها, أختبارات ...)
251	دراسة تأثير الملوحة ودرجة الحرارة على معدل تآكل الحديد الصلب Full Paper Abstract يعتبر التآكل من أبرز المشاكل التي تعاني منها الكثير من المنشآت والقطاعات مما ينجم عنه تكاليف اقتصادية ضخمة تتمثل بالإنخفاض في الكفاءة والأداء وبالتالي إنحفاض في الإنتاج وخسائر أخرى يصعب تحديدها في المنازل، وسائل النقل، الجسور، المباني و وسائل إنتاج الطاقة ومنشآت النفط والغاز. في هذه الدراسة أُستخدمت طريقة الفقد في الوزن لحساب معدلات تآكل الحديد المغمور في أوساط مائية طبيعية مختلفة الملوحة (ماء الشرب، ماء البحر، خليط من ماء الشرب وماء البحر) لفترات زمنية مختلفة (60- 240 دقيقة) وتحت تأثير درجات حرارة (20, 30, 40 oC)، كما تمت دراسة تأثير إضافة مركب بنزوات الصوديوم بتراكيز مختلفة ليعمل كمثبط لتأكل الحديد الصلب في الأوساط المائية المستخدمة. أظهرت النتائج المتحصل عليها إن جميع الأوساط أدت إلى لتآكل الحديد بنسب متفاوتة وكان معدل التآكل في ماء البحر هو الأعلى (12-22 mg.cm2.min-1). وتشير النتائج أيضاً الى أن سرعة التآكل لجميع نماذج الحديد تزداد عند درجة الحرارة 30 oC ، و وُجد أن حركيات التآكل لسلوك نماذج الحديد يخضع بصورة عامة لمعادلة أرهينيوس. كما أظهرت النتائج فعالية مركب بنزوات الصوديوم كمثبط لتآكل الحديد بنسب متفاوتة وصلت الى 100% للوسط المائي العذب عند استخدام تراكيز منخفضة ) mol/L (0.004-0.008، بينما تراوحت باقى النسب للأوساط المائية الأخرى من 65 الى 94%. الكلمات المرشدة:معدل التاكل، الحديد الصلب، بنزوات الصوديوم
257	معوقات استخدام الطاقات المتجددة في ليبيا Full Paper Abstract تعتبر الطاقات المتجددة مصدرًا واعدًا للطاقة في المستقبل نظرًا لما توفره من تخفيض في انبعاثات الكربون التي أصبحت شبحًا يهدد البشرية، ونظراً لمحدودية الوقود الأحفوري الذي يعتبر مصدرًا أساسيًا لتوليد الطاقة في الوقت الحاضر، فقد اهتمت العديد من دول العالم بهذه الطاقات وعملت على تطويرها وتوطينها في بلدانها، لا سيما الدول المتقدمة في أوربا والولايات المتحدة. تواجه هذه الطاقات العديد من العوائق التي تحد من انتشارها بشكل سريع، إلا أن هذه الدول حاولت ولازالت تحاول إيجاد الحلول المناسبة لمعالجة هذه العوائق. تستعرض هذه الورقة أهم المعوقات التي تواجه انتشار هذه الطاقات المتجددة في العالم وأهم المقترحات للتغلب على هذه المعوقات، مع التركيز على أهم المعوقات التي تحد من انتشار هذه الطاقات في ليبيا، والتي تتمثل في معوقات مالية واقتصادية، معوقات مؤسساتية وهيكلية، معوقات فنية وتقنية، ومعوقات متعلقة بالوعي. ولقد تم تسليط الضوء على كل جزء من هذه المعوقات واقتراح الحلول الناجعة لمعالجتها. الكلمات المرشدة:(الطاقات المتجددة، المعوقات المالية، العوائق التقنية)
260	إزالة النترات من مياه الآبار الملوثة بمدينة زليتن باستخدام مفاعل الدنترة الحيوي Full Paper Abstract هدفت هذه الدراسة الى التعرف على تركيز أيون النترات في مياه بعض الآبار بمدينة زليتن، وذلك لإمكانية معالجة المياه للتخلص من النترات الملوثة باستخدام وحدات معالجة معملية حيوية Bioreactors تعمل تحت نظام التدفق الحيوي العمودي (VFB) مع استخدام مواد ساندة مثل الحصى مع مادة PVC المحبب أو الكربون ذو المصدر النباتي activated charcoal، وذلك لنمو البكتيريا وتكوين الأشرطة الحيوية الدقيقة Biofilm داخل وحدات المعالجة والتي تقوم بعملية الدنترة الحيوية وفقد النترات في صورة غازات نيتروجينية. أظهرت نتائج تحاليل مياه الآبار ارتفاع في تركيز أيون النترات في ستة آبار ضمن سبعة عشر بئر شملتها الدراسة، ليصل أعلى تركيز للنترات الى 190ملجم/لتر، كما أظهرت نتائج تطبيق وتشغيل وحدات المعالجة الحيوية المعملية كفاءة إزالة للنترات بنسبة 59.5% في وحدة المعالجة (1)، المحتوية على المادة الساندة الحصى مع مادة PVC المحبب، وبدون تلقيح الوحدة بالمعلق البكتيري. وكفاءة إزالة للنترات بنسبة 80% في وحدة المعالجة (2)، المحتوية على المادة الساندة الحصى مع مادة PVC المحبب، مع تلقيح الوحدة بالمعلق البكتيري. وكفاءة إزالة للنترات بنسبة 76% في الوحدة المعملية (3)، المحتوية على الكربون ذو المصدر الخشبيactivated charcoal مع تلقيح الوحدة بالمعلق البكتيري. ومن نتائج التجارب المعملية السابقة نلاحظ أن الطريقة الحيوية تعتبر مثالية وفعالة في إزالة النترات من المياه الملوثة، وأن المادة الساندة الحصي مع مادة PVC المحبب أو فحم الخشب تعتبر مواد ساندة مثالية لنمو وتكوين الأشرطة الحيوية الدقيقة Biofilm، وأن تلقيح الوحدات المعملية بالبكتيريا امرا ضروريا بالرغم من إمكانية نمو وتكوين الأشرطة الحيوية الدقيقة من الكائنات الحية الدقيقة المتواجدة في البيئة الطبيعية Microbiota. الكلمات المرشدة:( النترات، المياه الجوفية, الدنترة الحيوية)
276	تقييم و تحليل كمي للمخاطر الصناعية بمصنع الصلب رقم (1) بالشركة الليبية للحديد والصلب، و الطرق المقترحى للتحكم فيها Full Paper Abstract لقياس مقدار الأخطار داخل المصانع الأنتاجية, خصوصا التي بها ألات ضخمة وأفران او تفاعلات كيميائية, يجب حساب المخاطر والتعامل معها بطريقة إدارة المخاطر الكمية Quantitative Risk Managementو مقارنتها بالمعدلات العالمية وفقا لنظريات و طرق معتمدة من هيئات الأمن والسلامة ومنع الخسائر دولية. وقد تم تطبيق دراسة و تحليل المخاطر داخل قسم الأفران و قسم الصب بمصنع الصلب رقم (1) بالشركة الليبية للحديد و الصلب بمدينة مصراته. تم جمع البيانات والمعلومات من سجلات الحوادث لسنة 2010 م بمصنع الصلب رقم (1)، و بناء عليها تم حساب قوة الصدمة Impact لكل حادث، وفقا لمقدار الإصابة المسجلة, و تم تقسيم المنطقة المحيطة بالأفران الي ثلاث مناطق، حسب نسبة الخطورة، وكذلك حساب احتمالية الحدوث Probability of Occurrenceمن تاريخ الحوادث بالسجلات. تم حساب المخاطر الفردية Individual Riskلكل منطقة, ومعدل الحوادث المميتة Fatal Accident Rate، وعليه تم معرفة مدى قبول الخطر Acceptable Risk من عدمة وفقا للمعايير الدولية. الاستنتاجات بينت أن معدلات الخطر والحوادث المميتة مرتفع حسب المقاييس العالمية المتعارف عليها خصوصا بقسم الأفران وقسم الصب بالمصنع. وقد أوصى البحث على ضرورة تطبيق إدارة الأمن والسلامة بالعمليات الصناعية Process Safety Management, والعمل على تدريب العاملين وتطوير مهاراتهم و نشر ثقافة السلامة المهنية Safety Culture بينهم, وذلك لأن الأفعال الغير أمنة وأشباه الحوادث المتكررة، مؤشرات وعلامات لحوادث قد تكون مدمرة مستقبلا. الكلمات المرشدة: إدارة أمن العمليات، الأمن والسلامة الصناعية، مصنع الحديد والصلب، الأخطار.

Welcome to the 1st International Conference on Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering ICCPGE 2016

Organized by: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Al-Mergib University ALKHOMS LIBYA

ICCPGE 2016 Publications

Chemical Division

Gas Division

Energy Division

Chemistry Division

Petroleum Division

Environmental Division

Polymer Division

Papers in Arabic

Welcome to the 1^st International Conference on Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering ICCPGE 2016

Organized by: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Al-Mergib University
ALKHOMS LIBYA